Tips to Make Nail Polish Dry Faster

No one wants to wait around for nail polish to dry. There are lots of rumors of ways to get polish to dry more quickly, but which actually work? These are the best quick-drying nail polish tips submitted by readers. Feeling scientific? Take a look at the chemistry behind quick-dry methods and learn which really work. Tips From Readers Readers have tried everything to get nails to dry fast. Here are some of their top recommendations: Cooking spray works and it doesnt dry out your hands. Dip your fingers in cold water for about five minutes and let them air dry for five minutes. Step 1: Always apply thin coats.Step 2: Bow on nails and run nails through ice-cold water.Step 3: Apply additional coats if needed and repeat steps.Step 4: Wait for 20 to 30 minutes before doing anything.Step 5: Cant be patient? Buy yourself fast drying nail polish and/or a topcoat like Seche Vite. Turn on the cold water in the sink on and put your hands under it. Theyll be done in 30 seconds. Putting your hands in ice water makes your nails dry faster. It sounds insane but oil sprays and quick-drying treatments do not actually make your polish dry faster. They do, however, reduce the likelihood that youre going to ding-up/smudge your polish while its drying, by forming a slick surface on top. Quick-dry topcoats are similar. They dont dry the polish underneath, but they do harden on top of it. If youre not careful, you can end up scraping your polish right off if the under-layers are still tacky when you reach into your bag for your phone. It still makes sense to use the above methods when youre trying to preserve a brand-new manicure. Its also important to understand how they work so you can achieve the best results! I was in a hurry and was about ready to just remove my polish, but to my surprise, cooking spray totally worked for me. My nails dried almost immediately. It makes me wonder about the chemicals in the cooking spray though! I add a little bit of nail polish remover to the nail polish and mix it really well. You can add it to your colors and/or your top clear coat. The alcohol in the remover makes the polish dry much faster than ice water or a hairdryer. It also turned that old gloopy polish back to normal! Try a hairdryer on medium setting or try sticking your hand in a freezer. It may seem crazy but they work. Do not use heat. All it does is melt the polish! Definitely use ice-cold water! Dries em in a heartbeat! Pam (you know, the cooking spray?) works wonders! All you do is spray your nails and leave it for about 45 seconds. Youll have to wash your hands well though since it makes them kinda greasy. Thin coats dry fast. Try doing multiple thin coats instead of one or two thick gloppy coats. Trust me, it works wonders. Ice-cold water, Pam spray, or a fan work really well. Apply a coat of peanut butter and it will work as long as you dont touch anything right away—and later on, youll have a nice snack! Nail polishes are solutions of a polymer and need only to have the solvent removed. Blowing on them can cause blushing. Stand with your hands above a non-electric central heating convector and you should get nice glossy nails. I just use a quick-drying topcoat. That way I can get my favorite polish without having to wait forever to get on with my life. It takes about a minute to get really hard nails, but I guess it depends on what you use and how many layers of polish you added. Air dust them or put your hand in ice-cold water for three minutes to dry them.  You can always spray cooking spray on them just in case!

Pros and Cons of a Eurozone Breakup Essay - 737 Words

Assess the advantages and disadvantages of a Eurozone breakup. In the past few months, the likelihood of a Eurozone breakup has been escalating due to increasing tensions in the monetary union. The departure of problematic periphery countries like Greece from the Eurozone would have many implications onto Europe and the rest of the world. If the Eurozone were to break up, whether partially or completely, it would send the rest of the world into panic and economic turmoil. The countries departing the euro would have to revert back to its old currency and as such face a significant devaluation. Thus people who have their savings in these countries would see a significant fall in value of their savings. In order to prevent this from†¦show more content†¦Meanwhile, the depositors in other Eurozone countries which are seen to be at risk of leaving the Euro, such as Spain, Portugal and Italy, may transfer their money to the safety of a German bank account. This would spark a banking crisis in Southern Europe as banks suffer from liquidity s hortages. Despite the negative outcomes of a Eurozone breakup, it is worth to note that it may be the best solution to the current debt crisis. At the moment, the crisis has reached the stage where it may no longer be both financially and politically feasible to keep the whole Eurozone together. A prime example is Greece. Financially, the Eurozone may be better off letting Greece go, as efforts to reduce its national debt by offering exorbitant bailouts have been a huge drain on funds. Political wise, the Greek public has rejected the austerity measures imposed as a condition for the bailouts and have even voted for political parties which rejected austerity. Thus the funds used to bail out Greece can be better used on larger, more integral Eurozone countries which are more determined to reduce their debt levels. Lastly, a Eurozone breakup may have adverse effects on the remaining member countries in the form of rising bond yields. This is because investors will be wary of lending t o struggling Eurozone countries in fear of the contagion spreading and a further breakup of theShow MoreRelatedIs a Common Currency in Europe Sustainable? Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe continued existence of the Eurozone is in question, as demanded bond yields in Italy and Greece ascend to new heights, and governments are unable to budget their future outlays. Austerity is often proposed as a means to allow these troubled governments to pay back their debts in the future, but many question whether it can truly lead to growth. The breakup of the Eurozone, while very possible, threatens to spread financial instability to other European nations and even the United States. Originally

SENIOR FLASHBACK Essay Example For Students

SENIOR FLASHBACK Essay Time to Say GoodbyeBy Jamie WarrenThe future stretches before me, waiting for me to create the work of art that will become my life. We have entered an age for celebration, an era to memorialize who we were, who we are and who we will eventually become. Celebrate this milestone greater then all the others, for it is the time we have spent here in our high school careers that will always be held close to heart. Graduation is two weeks away, which for most of us does not seem possible. As we look back at these past four long but fulfilling years, there are some things that we shall never forget. Its hard to believe that at one point we were little freshmen entering into these doors, with no idea what was in store for us. Four years have passed since that first day, and we have made decisions that will frame our futures. After years of studying, filling out applications, scholarships, and taking tests, we are now thrown into the real world, where there are seldom retakes, second chances are only a memory of yesteryear, and honor codes are the way of life. As freshman, we came home from school with the mentality that we were no longer children, but rather had entered into a new stage of life.Everything seemed different and new; we werent the big kids on campus anymore. We no longer were the persons being looked up to, but rather were the persons looking up to an entire school of older students. We remember joining our firsts clubs, going to dances, and having Orientation days. ? Does wise fool mean anything to you? ?Junior year we had our first taste of authority; we had become upperclassmen. We gained new responsibilities and had to step it up in school. Times had surely begun to change. The days of complaining about dress codes and school sweaters had transformed into days chock-full of drudgery. College was in the near future, and things such as the SATs were on the horizon. We had our first prom, and some of us were in the midst of our first loves. As we look b ack on our high school careers, we shall take into consideration that most of the fondness incorporated with our time here is because of firsts. During our high school days, we underwent new and trying experiences. We fell in and out of love, grew to adults, and encountered trying times. We learned that we are neither invincible nor free from suffering, and bad things do happen to good people. Our times here can all be considered a learning experience, during which we discovered the value of friendship and the importance of individualism. At last, we have approached a knot in the path of life, the closing of one door and the opening of another. As seniors, we are facing the conclusion of our days here at Cross and the beginning of the rest of our lives. You may never again see those who are sitting next to you today, however you will always remember the tears you cried, the hugs you have shared and the smiles you have exchanged. As we face the conclusion of our youth and embark on our new journey into adulthood, we will confront innumerable challenges. This is not a time to dread, but rather it is a period of wonderment, an era of questioning, and a time for the fulfillment of dreams. When we face difficult times in college and life thereafter, we can always look back on our memories from high school. We will always cherish the thoughts of our firsts, classes, friends, and sports teams. .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005 , .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005 .postImageUrl , .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005 , .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005:hover , .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005:visited , .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005:active { border:0!important; } .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005:active , .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005 .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud864e194576b6ae53c7f9f914b95a005:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare's Othello - The Motivations of Iago in EssayAll of our friends and teachers, who had made the transition into high school an easier one, shall yet again aid in this life metamorphoses. Remember, Your only successful when you reach your unreachable goals. Set your goals higher than you can reach, if you can already reach your goals then your not really reaching for anything at all.

Moot Essay Example For Students

Moot Essay When a playwrights subject is the tortuous machinations of the Federal Government, he doesnt need a wild imagination to figure out that the most suitable dramatic genre is likely to be farce. As Milwaukee Repertory Theaters resident playwright John Leicht pored over the yellowing American Civil Liberties Union files of The Progressive case, he discovered that he had a surreal circus right in his hands. When reality turns as absurd as it did in Madison, Wisc. in 1979, the playwrights job of turning public events into theatrical comedy is essentially Moot. After his successful 1985 courtroom play, An American Journey, which focused on the late 50s killing of a Milwaukee man by two local police officers (and that crimes subsequent cover-up), Leicht had vowed never to write another play that involved wading through boxes of court transcripts. But lunch with Eunice Edgar, head of the Wisconsin chapter of the ACLU, destroyed that tenuous resolve. Knowing that Leicht had a penchant for dramatizing local political history, Edgar suggested he might enjoy reading how a tiny, alternative newspaper in Madison had taken on a fair-sized chunk of the governments Executive Branch, with all of its expensive, dutiful lawyers. And it was the government that lost. The celebrated legal battles surrounding the Progressive are well known to students of legal arguments for freedom of the press. A young journalist named Howard Morland, concerned that the general public was being hoodwinked by scientific jargon and thus disconnected from the nuclear weapons debate, set out to write a detailed, yet simple, guide explaining how the hydrogen bomb actually worked. He figured that such an article would bring home the idea that the bomb was real, and contribute to an open national discourse on the subject. Unfortunately for the well-meaning writer, the government took a dim view of such openness. Citing national security, the Carter Administration hauled out all its legal guns to stop publication of the article, now inaccurately branded as an instruction manual for backyard nuclear wannabees. Secrecy and power True farce ensued when it became clear that Morlands article was based entirely on facts that were readily available on the shelves of public libraries even though the information had never been officially declassified. The incredulous Leicht discovered that even Morlands high-school physics book (where much useful information on nuclear matters could be gleaned) was, at one point, classified. During the trial, the defendants never received clearance to speak in their own defense, and one judge was not legally free to read the article he was supposedly judging. Ultimately the article was leaked to papers across the country on the Associated Press wires and the government found itself in the impossible position of needing to prosecute the entire newspaper-reading population of the United States. The slippery affair fell out of the governments hands, and the attempt to obtain a restraining order was finally dropped, but not before the Progressive made headlines nationwide. If the powers-that-be overreacted, Leicht found the affairs liberal protagonists far from blameless the Progressives editor loved the role of first-amendment martyr, while his writer was overly naive. Other media outlets were at first hostile to the magazines cause, then, when the case was almost won, rapidly change the color of their editorial ink. Leicht became increasingly convinced that this incredible chain of events was less about Morlands article than it was about the governments conviction that secrecy (however needless) goes hand in hand with absolutist power. The self-righteous figures on both sides were ripe for ridicule on stage, and Leicht decided that they needed to be pushed into a still more absurd theatrical environment. .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17 , .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17 .postImageUrl , .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17 , .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17:hover , .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17:visited , .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17:active { border:0!important; } .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17:active , .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17 .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u594951cc09b0188d0e0b251913b2bd17:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tangible ghosts EssayA full-fledged circus Moot, therefore, was cast as a fast-moving farce, full of clownish physicality and crackling one-liners. Names were changed (although hardly to protect the innocent) and no character escaped the brandish of caricature. The government side was dominated by a clown-faced, threatening lawyer (Daniel Mooney), reveling nastily in his quest for control, while the scatterbrained opposition became a merciless indictment of the self-serving, disorganized political Left. The countless rapid-free scenes were ideally suited to Leichts elliptical writing style. A New American Play grant of $80,000 from the Charlottesville-based W. Alton Jones Foundation allowed the Rep to conduct several workshops of the piece, and enabled director John Dillon to fly with his concept of the production as a full-fledged circus a bold choice that Dillon felt would encourage the actors to take the biggest possible leaps. Dillon and his designers took off for the Circus World Museum in Baraboo, Wisc., researching old-time circus music and hiring a clowning consultant. Interns were coerced into dressing as clowns and selling popcorn in the Reps normally staid lobby. Scenic designer John Story crafted a huge, intentionally overblown setting dominated by a massive red-lipped, laughing mouth a cross between a circus big-top and a warped atomic cafe. Costumer Charles Berliners designs included eagle suits for the plays chirping judges. The prop department went into high gear and built a multitude of oversized wonders: colossal file cabinets from which faceless bureaucrats emerged to bark down phones; a typewriter-carrying desk-cycle that allowed the editor of Bobs Populist Review to race on- and off-stage at top speed; a mechanical media machine with cameras and microphones as arms; a walking, talking, video box that screeched commands to underlings. Sitting quietly in the opening-night crowd, watching his personal quest blown up to bigger-than-life proportions, was Morland himself. Having spent much of the 80s on the lecture circuit speaking about the Progressive case, Morland found himself immensely flattered and very amused by the plays take on the central events of his career. Erwin Knoll, his real-life editor, had also been to Milwaukee, and his initial skepticism about the script had turned into amusement when he saw Dillons raucous production. Still-radical Progressive assistant editor Sam Day (whom Leicht had unkindly characterized as a sniveling nerd) had thankfully not attended the show, being too busy protesting nuclear installations in Ohio. Behind Morlands good humor were hints of disappointment that the auspicious legal battle that had catapulted him to fame had been treated in Moot as a circus, but he insisted that Leicht had caught all the spirit of the story, even if considerable artistic licence had been taken with the chronology of events. On the playwrights part, there is fresh resolve to turn away from recent history as subject matter. His next project, he says, will be a play about Thersites, a minor character in the Iliad, and the first man in recorded history to speak out against authority. It remains to be seen whether Leicht will dress him in a police uniform or a business suit or the baggy pants of a clown.

Short Story - Red Dress How A Girls Home And School Environment Essay

Short Story - Red Dress: How A Girl's Home and School Environment Determined Her Attitude Towards the Dance The short story "Red Dress" by Alice Munro is about a young girl's first high school dance. Her home and school environment determined her attitude towards the dance. This girl's home life was bad. She was constantly put down mentally by her mother, even in front of her friend Lonnie, to the point that the narrator envied Lonnie on account that her mother died and she lived alone with her father. "`I doubt if she appreciates it.' She enraged me, talking like this to Lonnie, as if Lonnie were grown up and I were still a child." Her mother was obscene in the house; the description that is given would make one sick. It is said that she did not take care of herself in the house, and exposed her lumpy veins to the in-house public. This probably made the narrator think that she is also ugly because she came from this disgusting creature. This makes her attitude towards the dance understandable. When Mason Williams comes to dance with her, she describes dancing with a `nobody' like her was "as offensive to him as having to memorize Shakespeare." The narrator's school life was just as bad if not worse. She would never be sure of herself when she is called up to the blackboard. Her "hands became slippery with sweat when they were required to work the blackboard compass." She would also envision the worst case scenario, that she had her period prior to being called to the front of the class, even when impossible. This shows that her self-esteem is really low, and she could not deal with the dance. The dance was an experience in itself. Her attitudes towards the events in the dance also show her attitude. When she met Mary Fortune, she was "grateful for her attention, her company and her cigarette." This shows that not many people pay attention to her and that she doesn't have many friends. Her mentality is that if you can't deal with rejection, don't get the chances to get rejected. After she dances with Raymond Bolting, this attitude changes and her "life was possible", she now was able to take risks. The narrator's first high school dance was not as big a disaster as was anticipated. She learned a big lesson that could only be obtained by this experience. She understood that her paranoia should not be there, and that she can live her own life despite her home and school life.

Department of the Built Environment Essays

Department of the Built Environment Essays Department of the Built Environment Essay Department of the Built Environment Essay Department of the Built Environment Development Land Appraisal and Project Realisation Introduction This essay will look at the single functions of different interested parties in a development undertaking and their interplay with each other during the assorted phases of the undertaking. It is of import to look at the chief persons that contribute accomplishments and duties to each party and their several ends from the undertaking, be it professional or fiscal. The five chief parties involved in a development are: The Funding Institution squad, which will include the Fund director, the valuer and valuator. The Fund director will be looking to do a long term investing with good returns for the investors, the valuer and valuator will be seeking to supply an estimation of the concluding value of the development. The Contractors squad, which includes a Contracts director and a contracts surveyor. They will hold a affaire dhonneur duty to the developer to supply quality services within cost and besides do a net income and supply a professional service that will assist their repute. The Local Authority squad, which includes the Estate Manager, the Planner a Legal Officer and the Economic Development Officer. Their chief purposes will be to let the developer to lawfully and responsibly supply attractive and productive terminal consequence. The Developers squad, which includes the Developer, would be originating the development from phase one. Working straight for the developer are the Architect, the Project Leader and a Planning helper, all of which would be responsible for easing the undertakings demands. The concluding squad will be the Lead Tenants, who would be deriving the terminal consequence and who would be involved in supplying he initial design demands. They would hold there ain valuer, a Managing Director and an Operations Director, both of which would be bespeaking elaborate demands from the undertaking. Many of the persons involved will be required to lend throughout the development, others merely during certain periods. As with any development, their will be 3 chief of import phases in footings of their effects in the overall clip frame of the undertaking. The undertaking can be split into the Planning phase, where the initial design will be addressed by all the parties involved and the terminal merchandise and its use can be addressed, and where be aftering permission, legal rights and applications for all the obligatory consent are made. It is besides during this clip that the professionals and resources such as edifice stuffs and fiscal investing will be brought together. The 2nd measure will be to perpetrate all the parties involved to the undertaking and organize the execution of the design through contractors and natural stuffs to the edifice. This can merely go on when all the programs have been approved. Design changes may be made throughout the procedure as the building an d usage of undertaking fundss advancement. The last phase will be to manus direction of the concluding development to the lead renters which should now follow with their initial petitions. This is the phase where the undertaking can be deemed a fiscal success or non for all the interested parties. The functions of each single section of each squad can now be addressed in footings of their duties and their topographic point in the overall strategy of the undertaking. 1. Funding Institution Team. The team’s chief ends will be long term. They will desire to do certain that the investing they make will be sound and that they will be taking as few hazards as possible to procure a return from their investing. The Fund director The Fund manager’s primary concern is to put in undertakings that will do a net income long term, and that the short term support will be sensible in relation to this. They must hence hold the market research and professional sentiments to endorse up their inherent aptitudes that a undertaking will be successful. They will besides hold to look at the developers experience and history before endorsing them to find whether they have the ability to do the undertaking a success. The Fund director will work with the Developer, Architect and Contractors in order to find whether the programs will be cost effectual, every bit good as doing certain the lead renters will be happy with the terminal consequence as they will be responsible for supplying the return from the investing. B ) The Valuer The Valuer’s primary function will be provide accurate information on that estimated value of the initial site and the jutting terminal value of the same after the development undertaking has been completed. They would make this through market research and working closely with the designer, surveyors and the local authorization to find how much the concluding undertaking will be deserving. They will be straight accountable to the Fund director and would be able to give a realistic net income border and short term costs. degree Celsius ) The Appraiser The chief function for the Appraiser will be to find the market value of the development and the best usage for the terminal merchandise. They will be used because of their experience in the field and will hold a non-biased sentiment of the jutting worth of the development in the local market. This will be a guide merchandising monetary value merely, and the Developer would be able to negociate with the lead tenants over this. 2. Contractors Team The contractors will be interested in supplying a quality service for the development, which would travel towards bettering or keeping their repute in the field and being able to do a fiscal addition for their attempts. The Undertaking leader would be organizing a contracts director every bit good as a contracts surveyor towards this end by sketching the programs from the Architect and giving them an estimated clip frame from the start of the edifice stage to its completion. a ) Contracts director The Contracts director is employed to happen and utilize good quality contractors with good reputes that will cut down the hazards to the developer well that the undertaking will be a success ; nevertheless there usage must besides be cost effectual. The Contract director will be involved throughout the procedure from the comprehending and edifice from programs laid out by the Architect, to the finished quality of the development, and happening suited contractors to transport out this work. The contracts director will be working straight with the Undertaking leader in set uping the edifice execution stage. Contracts Surveyor The appointed surveyor will be used to transport out an initial land study to find the sites load bearing capacity, entree, drainage etc, and will be responsible for subjecting a study on the suitableness of the country for the development. The surveyor will help in measuring the cost and measure of natural stuffs needed to ease the edifice work from the architect’s programs. The Contracts surveyor will set up non-biased advise for the Architect and Developer and work closely with the Undertaking leader in order to develop the programs within certain guidelines, doing the undertaking safe and in conformity with official edifice guidelines. 3. Local Authority Team The local authority’s cardinal concerns on a development are will it do a good part to the country, in footings of occupations, lodging or supplying local comfortss, and to be able to give planning permission for suited strategies lawfully and under public examination. They therefore must be happy with all programs drawn up by the Architect on behalf of the Developer as they are themselves publically accountable. Estate Manager The function of an Estate Manager is to pull off the land under their control, negociating with land proprietors, renters, and possible developers. They are employed by local governments to see that this land is used suitably and productively and that any developments made on it are in conformity with local policies and with the consent of the occupants in the country. The Developer and Architect would hold to travel through the programs with the estate director before any work can take topographic point in order to acquire their consent. Planner The function of the Planner will be to first run through with the Developer, Architect and surveyors, the demands they must adhere to in order to acquire planning permission. The contriver has a duty to keep local edifice criterions and will make so by measuring professional programs in conformity with local policy and to inspect the undertaking good into the edifice stage in order to keep the demands set out Legal officer The Legal officer will besides be involved from the origin of the undertaking as the developer will necessitate to be cognizant of any legal guidelines they must adhere to and to look into any claims on the land used for edifice work. This may besides include environmental restraints due to the presence of protected species or place relation to an country of particular scientific importance or wildlife preserve and rights of manner. The Legal officer will help the Developer in acquiring all the legal demands they would necessitate to develop the undertaking. Economic development officer The Economic development officer will look at the undertaking in footings of the economic assets it would convey to the local country. They would look at the jutting fiscal additions and how much would come back to the local community in the signifier of the undertakings visual aspect in the local environment, revenue enhancement from the development, occupations for the local community, and the general promotion of the country. They could so rede the undertakings virtues and disadvantages. 4. Developers team The Developers will wish to do a considerable net income from a development undertaking, both financially and in repute from the overall running of the undertaking. A successful Developer will hold an experient and good run squad of professionals that can use their accomplishments in bring forthing high quality undertakings. Their advice to the Developer can let them to market the development to possible investors and renters and cipher net incomes at an early phase, therefore cut downing the hazard of failure. Developer The Developer will be at the nucleus of the undertaking, and in communicating with all parties throughout the development from origin and beyond the terminal merchandise. The Developer carries most of the hazards and hence must be satisfied that the undertaking has a good opportunity of being successful, they will besides necessitate to convert the Fund Manager of this, as they are responsible for geting the undertaking support and be able to supply the Funding Institution with a fiscal warrant. They need to understand the lead renters demands and assist the designer develop the programs along these lines. The Developer must besides get the planning permission from the local authorization to continue. A good Developer will environ themselves with the best professionals and contractors and will trust on their undertaking leader to organize all the assorted persons. Architect The Architect, working from the initial demands of the lead renters and the direction of the developer will plan the initial programs which they will travel through with the local governments and the contracts squad to develop the undertaking into a feasible and legal development. They will go on to supply any design alterations to the undertaking throughout its building as demands change or bing accommodations need to be made. The Architect is under a legal duty to stay impartial when questioned by local governments and lead renters. Undertaking leader The Project leader will be on the squad to guarantee that the undertaking is completed within the clip frame and budget by organizing all the professionals involved to make the finished development in both the design a edifice procedure. They will expect any jobs their may be at any phase every bit good as being able to be after in progress how the edifice phase will continue. They will be straight responsible for doing certain the contractors are following the local authorization guidelines every bit good as the demands of the architect’s programs and the wants of the lead renters and the Developer. Planing helper The planning helper will help the Developer with obtaining be aftering permission with the local authorization by supplying all the necessary information about the undertaking every bit good as looking after supervising the fundss and doing certain the disbursals are within the budget every bit good as doing the payments to the professional staff and contractors. They will help the developer and Project leader in the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours running of the development every bit good as the disposal. 5. Lead renters squad The Lead renters will be looking to get a high quality investing from the terminal consequence that will be built to their specifications and will hold all demands they set out from the initial programs. They would hold been in direct contact with the developer’s squad from the start, and would hold traffics with the support establishment and the local governments in order to do their purposes clear for the development both as a fiscal investing and a responsible development for the local country. Valuer This Valuer would be contracted or working for the lead renter and would supply a nexus between the lead renters and the developers. They would be able to rede the lead renters independently of the developer and the support establishment on the value of the undertaking and liaise from the planning phase with the designer and surveyors. They would besides be able to maintain a cheque on the development that it is being built to the needed specification. Pull offing manager The lead renters Pull offing manager would hold been reach the developer from the start with an involvement in the development, and would hold gone through the initial design parametric quantities with the operations manager and the value of the undertaking to the lead renters by the Valuer. They would be the chief beginning of fiscal return from the undertaking to the support establishment and the developer and would hence necessitate to be kept up to day of the month and satisfied with the advancement of the development. Operationss manager The Operations manager will hold cardinal cognition on how the design of the edifice will hold to run into certain demands that are needed for the undertaking to be a utile trade good for the lead renters. They will be in communicating with the Architect, from the planning phase, outlying the exact specifications that the completed edifice will hold to follow with, including care of the edifice once it is completed. Once the Operations manager is satisfied the Managing manager would so be able to give the Developer the spell in front that they are interested in pull offing the development. Decision A development of this type may be initiated by the developers or from the demands of the lead renters from the start. The undertaking through the assorted phases of its development nevertheless, becomes a extremely complex interplay between the demands of the lead renters, a net income border for the developers, a guaranteed return for the support establishment for their fiscal investing in the development, the policies and demands of the local governments and the handiness, cost effectivity and quality of contractors. A batch of this interplay must be resolved during the planning phases of the development whilst all the parties are flexible plenty to change programs and designs, as one time the work has started that flexibleness is gone. The developer at the bosom of this undertaking needs to see the ends and demands of all of the interested parties and ease the sharing of information from be aftering to the concluding direction of the development to all the persons involved to acqu ire the coveted consequence. Bibliography Calvert, R. E. , Bailey G. A ; Coles D. ( 1995 )Building Management 6ThursdayEdition.Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Cadman, D. A ; Topping, R. ( 2004 )Property Development 4ThursdayEdition.Chapman A ; Hall. Cullingworth, J. B. ( 1997 )Town and Country Planning in the UK 12ThursdayEdition.Rouutledge.

What is one truth about United Arab Emirates (UAE) that you want the Essay - 1

What is one truth about United Arab Emirates (UAE) that you want the rest of the world to know that most of us who are not from there don't yet know - Essay Example True to their culture, the Emiratis or the people of UAE display these highly prized virtues and are known to be extremely courteous and hospitable hosts to the foreign visitors. They are genuinely friendly and warm and practice religious tolerance towards people of other cultures and nationalities while following their own (Abu Dhabi, 2014). The capital city, Abu Dhabi, charms its visitors with its amazing combination of cultural heritage and cosmopolitan outlook that go hand-in-hand. The people of UAE are extremely open-minded and hold liberal attitudes toward foreigners and international visitors which set them apart from other Islamic countries. The UAE nationals are particularly keen on observing etiquettes and expect others to do the same. Appropriate manners and courtesy are intrinsic to the culture, making it one of the safest countries to travel especially for women and children travelling alone. The police are known to be extremely helpful and respectful and are accessible to those in need, at all times (Abu Dhabi, 2014). The fact that UAE is the worlds fastest growing tourist destinations further accentuate the warm, welcoming and hospitable nature of the Emiratis offering an intriguing mix of culture and a safe and welcoming environment (Emirates.org, 2014). Abu Dhabi (2014). Abu Dhabi – culture and lifestyle [Online] Available at: [Accessed: Feb 27,

The History of Banking in the United States Research Paper

The History of Banking in the United States - Research Paper Example At its core, a bank, no matter at what place in history or where it is located, does the same thing: it deals with taking in, recording, and giving out money. It is ironic to note that, upon the celebration of the United States of America gaining their independence from England, there was no bank in existence in the former colonies. As colonies of England, they had fallen under the Bank of England, and used the British forms of money, as their legal tender (Rothbard 47). Far more common, however, was trade in the form of barter of items, such as beaver fur and wampum, as well as tobacco and rice (Rothbard 48). Called â€Å"commodity money†, it served the needs of the colonists during trade with each other, especially in outlying rural areas; however, an actual legal tender was needed, it was found, when trading in cities or in a foreign market with other countries. Thus the newly-formed states were forced to bring in money from other countries to act as their own currency; before long, Spanish doubloons competed alongside French, Portuguese, and Brazilian coins for tender (Rothbard 49). This controversy was solved when, in 1781, the Bank of North America was founded by Roger Morris in Philadelphia (Foster 176). As the first bank established on the new soil, its primary aim was to finance the American Revolution, as well as economize the use of cash. Its primary aim was to do this by using the money that it was paid by depositors as loans to others, often at two or three times the amount of cash on hand (Foster 176). It succeeded admirably in both areas, making loans to not only the government but private citizens, and was quickly followed by more banks. To stay out of the limelight of the raging debate of whether or not Congress had the power, under the Articles of Confederation, it procured a charter from the State of Pennsylvania, which was continuously renewed until the bank entered the national banking system (Foster 178). This bank was quickly followed by other banks, including the Bank of Massachusetts, established in 1784, the Bank of New York, also founded i n 1784, and the Bank of the Manhattan Company, founded by Aaron Burr under the disguise of a company that was to supply pure water to New York City (Foster 179). While all of this was going on, a debate was raging in the new Congress. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, called for a national bank, stating it was needed to manage the government money and to regulate the credit of the nation (Johnson 7). Thomas Jefferson argued that there was no provision for a national bank in the U.S. Constitution, therefore it was not within the power of Congress to create one (Johnson 7). Hamilton, after lengthy discussions on the fact that the new government had created fiscal powers in the past, and therefore owed it to the people to exercise some control over them, won the argument and the First Bank of the United States was

Capital Budget Model Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Capital Budget Model - Term Paper Example Financial modeling as explained above is the task of creating a representation of a real financial situation in the world. It consists of the process of forecasting the performance of a financial portfolio or asset of a business through the use of a mathematical or scientific model in order to provide management of a business with adequate information to make informed decisions on the types of portfolio and assets to finance in the future. To understand more about financial models, it is important to critically review them and understand why they are important in today’s financial world. Let us begin with a critical review of financial models. Financial modeling consists of the process of forecasting the performance of organizations and assets, through the use of relationships among a number of variables. This provides the management of an organization with insight into the short-term and long-term environment of business in order summarize specific events to provide direction concerning possible alternatives or actions management can take to achieve set goals and objectives. Financial models can be created in numerous ways, either by the use of a pen and a paper, or computer software. What is most significant, however, is not the type of user interface that is used, but the fundamental logic that incorporates the model. For example, a model can summarize the returns of an investment, such as Sortino Ratio, or it may assist approximate the direction of the market, such as Fed Model.

Association of IL-12β rs3212227 and Psoriasis

Association of IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 and Psoriasis Title: Associations between IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 polymorphism and susceptibility to psoriasis: a meta-analysis Running title: Association of IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 and psoriasis Highlights: We performed a Meta-analysis to assess the association ofIL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 and psoriasis. Association between IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 and psoriasis was proved. IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 is the susceptibility gene of psoriasis in Asian and European. Abstract Purpose The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore whether IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 polymorphism confer susceptibility to psoriasis. Methods We performed a computerized literature search before December 2013. Review Manger 5.2 was used to perform meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted on the associations between IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 polymorphism and the risk of psoriasis. Results Nine studies involving 17,620 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. Significant association was found between psoriasis and IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 allele in all study subjects (C vs. A: OR=0.68, 95%CI =0.64-0.72, P Conclusions This meta-analysis demonstrated that the IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 polymorphism is associated with the risk of psoriasis. Keywords IL-12ÃŽ ², polymorphism, psoriasis, Meta-analysis, susceptibility gene Introduction Psoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease, characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and infiltration of leukocytes into the dermis and epidermis [1]. An recent systematic review [2] reported that the prevalence in children ranged from 0% (Taiwan) to 2.1% (Italy), and in adults it varied from 0.91%(United States) to 8.5% (Norway). In children, the incidence estimate reported (United States) was 40.8/100,000person-years. In adults, it varied from 78.9/100,000 person-years (United States) to 230/100,000 person-years (Italy). It reported that psoriasis occurred by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors [3] and the immune mechanism plays an essential role in the chronic development and progression of psoriasis [4]. However, until now the exact etiology and pathogenesis of psoriasis remain unclear [5]. Currently, the study of psoriasis susceptibility genes is a hot research direction. IL-12 is a kind of key cytokines involved in T cell immune [6]. It confirmed thatIL -12 is closely related to the pathogenesis of psoriasis . rs3212227 is a SNP in 3’ untranslated region [7]. Tsunemi et al. [8] reported the association of rs3212227 with risk of psoriasis. Capon et al. reported that there was significant association between rs3212227 and psoriasis. It indicated that IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 may be one of the psoriasis susceptibility genes. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine whether IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 polymorphisms confer susceptibility to psoriasis. Methods Literature search A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Medline and Embase up to December 2013. We screened all fields by combining the term â€Å"psoriasis† or â€Å"psoriatic†, â€Å"interleukin-12ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"IL-12ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"genetic polymorphism† or â€Å"genetic variant†. Selection criteria Literatures were included in this meta-analysis if they met each of the following criteria: (1) case-control studies between patients with psoriasis (experimental group) and hospital-based or population-based individuals (control group), (2) published English literatures involving studies of association between IL-12ÃŽ ² genetic polymorphism and psoriasis, and (3) having the data of genotype and frequency of allele in the experimental and control group or obtaining by computing. Studies were excluded when genotype distribution in the control group did not meet the test of hardy-weinberg equilibrium. Data extraction and quality assessment Data extraction was conducted by two reviewers independently. Disagreements between reviewers were resolved by discussion with a third investigator. From the included studies, the following data were abstracted: the first author name, year of publication, country or race, genotype distribution inthe experimental and control group, gender ratio and mean age of the subjects in the experimental and control group. In this meta-analysis, we applied the criteria based on Clark et al [9] to assess the quality of included studies. On the basis of their scores, the included studies were classified into three levels: low quality (0-4), moderate quality (5-7)and high quality (8-10). Statistical analysis Test of hardy-weinberg equilibrium [10] was conducted to ensure the quality of the included literatures before running meta-analysis. Review Manger 5.2 was used to perform meta-analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated under five genetic models: the allele model (C vs. A), the dominant model (CC+AC vs. AA), the recessive model (CC vs. AA+AC), the homozygous/additive model (CC vs. AA) and the heterozygous model (CC vs. AC). Heterogeneity was evaluated using by the chi-square-based Q statistic test [11] and I2 test with ÃŽ ±12]. Subgroup analysis was performed by the difference of ethnicity. The sensitivity analysis was conducted to see the stability of pooled results by sequential omission of individual studies [13]. Funnel plots were used to assess the possibility of publication bias. Results Literature search In total, 114 potentially relevant studies were identified and screened after an initial search. Among them, 98 articles were excluded after screening based on abstracts or titles. Five out of these 16 remaining literatures were excluded because of duplicate publication. Then 2 studies were removing because there was no available data. As a result, 9 literatures were included in this meta-analysis. A flow diagram of the search process is shown in Fig.1. Characteristics of included studies The characteristics of 9 included studies [8, 14-21] were summarized in Table 1. The publication years of these studies ranged from year 2002 to 2013. A total of 17,620 subjects were involved in this meta-analysis, including 6,520 psoriasis patients and 11,150 healthy controls. The race of these subjects was Caucasian or Asian except one study in which mix racial subjects were studied. None of the SNPs had genotype frequencies that deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in these included studies. All quality scores of included studies were from 5 to 8. It showed that the included studies were moderate–high quality literatures in this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of the association between IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 polymorphism and psoriasis Summary results of this meta-analysis for the association between IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 polymorphism and psoriasis were shown in Table 2. For the genotype model of CC+AC vs. A, no heterogeneity (I2=57%, P=0.02) existed in the included literatures, so the random effects model was used. For the other genotype model, fixed effects model was used because of significant heterogeneity among studies. The meta-analysis results showed the highly significant association of these alleles with psoriasis (C vs. A: OR=0.68, 95%CI =0.64-0.72, PC vs. A: OR= 0.66, 95%CI =0.61-0.70, P Sensitivity analysis and publication bias Sensitivity analysis by dropping one study at a time did not indicate the dominant influence of any single study. The funnel plot showed that there was no obvious publication bias was shown in the result. Discussion In this meta-analysis, we combined data from published studies to evaluate genetic associations between polymorphisms of IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 and psoriasis. Our meta-analysis of IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 showed significant association of the IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 polymorphisms with the risk of psoriasis. Another meta-analysis [22] reported the association of IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 and psoriasis. Compared with that one, there were three the advantages of this meta-analysis. The first one was that this meta-analysis had been more recently (2013) conducted to synthesize evidence concerning the association of IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 and psoriasis. Second, furthermore subgroup analysis by ethnicity was performed and showed that the results did not varies with the difference of ethnicity. Third, the publication meta-analysis reported no heterogeneity among the included studies. Nevertheless, in this meta-analysis, heterogeneity was found among the included studies in the genotype model of CC+AC vs. AA. Ex ploring the sources of heterogeneity was useful to study the association of IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 and psoriasis. Thus, further well-designed studies need to focus on exploring the sources of heterogeneity. In the publication studies, it demonstrated that IL-12 was closely related to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. It reported that the mRNA [23]and protein expression [24] of IL-12 p40 was increased in the psoriatic skin. Efficacy was obtained by the drug therapy on immunization targets [25]. The SNP, rs3212227, is located in IL-12ÃŽ ² gene [26]. The expression of IL-12 p40 was changed after import homozygous gene fragment into cell [27]. It indicated that the change of allele might cause change in the expression of IL-12p40 and affect the function of IL-12p40. Then a series of immune responses were triggered. Finally, these events would lead to the onset of psoriasis. These findings prove that IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 may be the susceptibility gene of psoriasis. The result of this meta-analysis provided further evidence of the association betweenthe polymorphisms of IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 and psoriasis. It reported that the occurrence of psoriasis varied according to geographic region [2]. And the family genes are difference in each region. In this meta-analysis, subgroup analysis was performed by the difference of ethnicity. However, the subjects did not contain all the population. Thus, it proved that rs3212227 is the susceptibility gene of psoriasis in Asian and European. Further studies need to be done to study the influence of ethnicity. Present study has some limitations that require specific consideration. The first one is that there is no enough data of age and sex to concern the influence of these confounding factors for the result of this meta-analysis. Second limitation is that the type of psoriasis cannot be analyzed because of the limited information. Furthermore, there are many other possible susceptibility genes, but only one of them was selected to do this meta-analysis. Conclusions In conclusion, we determined that there was significant association between the polymorphisms of IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 and psoriasis. IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. For researching the pathogenesis of psoriasis, all the susceptibility genes as well as the interaction among them need to be studied in the future. References 1. Bromley SK, Larson RP, Ziegler SF, Luster AD: IL-23 Induces Atopic Dermatitis-Like Inflammation Instead of Psoriasis-Like Inflammation in CCR2-Deficient Mice. PloS one 2013, 8(3):e58196. 2. Parisi R, Symmons DP, Griffiths CE, Ashcroft DM: Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2012. 3. Naldi L: Risk Factors for Psoriasis. Current Dermatology Reports 2013, 2(1):58-65. 4. Gudjonsson J, Johnston A, Sigmundsdottir H, Valdimarsson H: Immunopathogenic mechanisms in psoriasis. Clinical Experimental Immunology 2004, 135(1):1-8. 5. Baweja P, Agarwal B, Sharma V, Alex A: Oxidant and antioxidant status in patients with Psoriasis. Indian J Applied Pure Bio Vol 2013, 28(2):143-148. 6. Lamont AG, Adorini L: IL-12: a key cytokine in immune regulation. Immunology today 1996, 17(5):214-217. 7. Hong K, Chu A, Là ºdvà ­ksson BR, Berg EL, Ehrhardt RO: IL-12, independently of IFN-ÃŽ ³, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of a murine psoriasis-like skin disorder. The Journal of Immunology 1999, 162(12):7480-7491. 8. Tsunemi Y, Saeki H, Nakamura K, Sekiya T, Hirai K, Fujita H, Asano N, Kishimoto M, Tanida Y, Kakinuma T: Interleukin-12 p40 gene (IL12B) 3†²-untranslated region polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. Journal of dermatological science 2002, 30(2):161-166. 9. Clark MF, Baudouin SV: A systematic review of the quality of genetic association studies in human sepsis. Intensive care medicine 2006, 32(11):1706-1712. 10. Ledwina T, Gnot S: Testing for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Biometrics 1980:161-165. 11. Lau J, Ioannidis JP, Schmid CH: Quantitative synthesis in systematic reviews. Annals of internal medicine 1997, 127(9):820-826. 12. Feng R-N, Zhao C, Sun C-H, Li Y: Meta-analysis of TNF 308 G/A polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. PloS one 2011, 6(4):e18480. 13. Liu ZH DY, Xiu LC, Pan HY, Liang Y, Zhong SQ, Liu WW, Rao SQ, Kong DL: A meta-analysis of the association between TNF-alpha -308G>A polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Han Chinese population. PloS one 2013, 8(3):e59421. 14. Capon F, Di Meglio P, Szaub J, Prescott NJ, Dunster C, Baumber L, Timms K, Gutin A, Abkevic V, Burden AD et al: Sequence variants in the genes for the interleukin-23 receptor (IL23R) and its ligand (IL12B) confer protection against psoriasis. Hum Genet 2007, 122(2):201-206. 15. Cargill M, Schrodi SJ, Chang M, Garcia VE, Brandon R, Callis KP, Matsunami N, Ardlie KG, Civello D, Catanese JJ et al: A large-scale genetic association study confirms IL12B and leads to the identification of IL23R as psoriasis-risk genes. American journal of human genetics 2007, 80(2):273-290. 16. Eiris N, Santos-Juanes J, Coto-Segura P, Gomez J, Alvarez V, Morales B, Queiro R, Diaz M, Corao AI, Lopez-Corte K et al: Resequencing of the IL12B gene in psoriasis patients with the rs6887695/rs3212227 risk genotypes. Cytokine 2012, 60(1):27-29. 17. Huffmeier U, Lascorz J, Bohm B, Lohmann J, Wendler J, Mossner R, Reich K, Traupe H, Kurrat W, Burkhardt H et al: Genetic variants of the IL-23R pathway: association with psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis vulgaris, but no specific risk factor for arthritis. The Journal of investigative dermatology 2009, 129(2):355-358. 18. Nair RP, Ruether A, Stuart PE, Jenisch S, Tejasvi T, Hiremagalore R, Schreiber S, Kabelitz D, Lim HW, Voorhees JJ et al: Polymorphisms of the IL12B and IL23R genes are associated with psoriasis. The Journal of investigative dermatology 2008, 128(7):1653-1661. 19. Nair RP, Stuart PE, Kullavanijaya P, Kullavanijaya P, Tejasvi T, Voorhees JJ, Elder JT: Genetic evidence for involvement of the IL23 pathway in Thai psoriatics. Archives of dermatological research 2010, 302(2):139-143. 20. Oka A, Mabuchi T, Ikeda S, Terui T, Haida Y, Ozawa A, Yatsu K, Kulski JK, Inoko H: IL12B and IL23R gene SNPs in Japanese psoriasis. Immunogenetics 2013, 65(11):823-828. 21. Smith RL, Warren RB, Eyre S, Ho P, Ke X, Young HS, Griffiths CEM, Worthington J: Polymorphisms in the IL-12ÃŽ ² and IL-23R Genes Are Associated with Psoriasis of Early Onset in a UK Cohort. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007, 128(5):1325-1327. 22. Zhu KJ, Zhu CY, Shi G, Fan YM: Meta-analysis of IL12B polymorphisms (rs3212227, rs6887695) with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatology international 2013, 33(7):1785-1790. 23. Jiqun C, Yating T, Jiawen L, Changzheng H, Zhixiang L, Daofan L: A study on the expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 P35, P40 mRNA in the psoriatic lesions. Journal of Tongji Medical University 2001, 21(1):86-88. 24. Yawalkar N, Karlen S, Hunger R, Brand CU, Braathen LR: Expression of interleukin-12 is increased in psoriatic skin. Journal of investigative dermatology 1998, 111(6):1053-1057. 25. O’Neill JL, Kalb RE: Ustekinumab in the therapy of chronic plaque psoriasis. Biologics: targets therapy 2009, 3:159. 26. Smith RL, Warren RB, Eyre S, Ho P, Ke X, Young HS, Griffiths CE, Worthington J: Polymorphisms in the IL-12ÃŽ ² and IL-23R genes are associated with psoriasis of early onset in a UK cohort. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007, 128(5):1325-1327. 27. Morahan G, Huang D, Ymer SI, Cancilla MR, Stephen K, Dabadghao P, Werther G, Tait BD, Harrison LC, Colman PG: Linkage disequilibrium of a type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus with a regulatory IL12B allele. Nature genetics 2001, 27(2):218-221. Table 1 Characteristics of included studies. Authors Year Country population Experimental group/control group score PHWE mareà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ %à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° age (years) n Capon F1 2007 UK European 65.4/50 52.1/- 318/288 8 >0.05 Capon F2 2007 UK European 42.4/50 44.1/49 519/528 8 >0.05 Cargill M1 2007 USA European 45.5 28 467/500 7 0.5876 Cargill M2 2007 USA European 45.5 29 498/498 7 0.9129 Eiris N 2012 Spain European 54/55 47/47 304/422 6 0.1045 Hà ¼ffmeier U 2009 Germany European 62/58 48.2/31.6 1114/937 6 >0.05 Nair RP1 2008 Germany European 360/1097 7 >0.05 Nair RP2 2008 USA European 1450/1425 7 >0.05 Nair RP3 2010 Thailand Asian 58/42 34/45 206/114 7 0.8488 Oka A 2013 Japanese Asian 560/560 8 Smith RL 2008 UK Mixed 581/4681 6 0.5815 Tsunemi Y 2002 Japanese Asian 143/100 5 0.3177 PHWEà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the result of the test of hardy-weinberg equilibrium Table 2 Meta-analysis of the associations between IL-12ÃŽ ² rs3212227 polymorphisms and psoriasis Polymorphism population Test of association Test of heterogeneity OR (95%CI) p P I2 C vs. A Overall 0.68 (0.64, 0.72) 0.18 27% European 0.66 (0.61, 0.70) Asian 0.71 (0.62, 0.82) CC+AC vs. AA Overall 0.61 (0.53, 0.71) 0.02 57% European 0.62 (0.52, 0.73) Asian 0.45 (0.25, 0.82) CC vs. AC+AA Overall 0.53 (0.43, 0.66) 0.85 0% European 0.48 (0.36, 0.64) Asian 0.56 (0.36, 0.85) CC vs. AA Overall 0.46 (0.36, 0.57) 0.78 0% European 0.42 (0.31, 0.56) Asian 0.43 (0.26, 0.70) AC vs. AA Overall 0.65 (0.59, 0.71) 0.16 33% European 0.62(0.56, 0.69) Asian 0.66 (0.44, 0.98) Figure legends Fig.1 Selection of relevant publications, reasons for exclusion. Fig.2 Forest plot displaying the results of the meta-analysis on the genotype of C vs. A Fig.3 Funnel plot analysis of publication bias. ________________________________________________________________________

Cultural Taboos :: essays research papers

Axtell, Roger E. Gestures: The DO’s and TABOOS of Body Language Around the World. Jon Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1998 -- Rev. and expanded edition. Over the past decade the author has been presenting seminars, speeches and workshops around the United States on the subject of international behavior. This book is the result of accumulation of more than ten years of research on the subject and it includes research on his travels to England, Germany, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. All this reinforced a conviction that gestures are powerful communicators used by people all over the world. The purpose of this book is to let people know how powerful gestures can be when used correctly or incorrectly. He also wants you to know how a gesture can mean one thing here and another thing somewhere else, something as simple as a wave good bye, could get you into a lot of trouble in another country. This book was broken down into seven chapters: Chapter 1, illustrated with numerous examples, is that not only are gestures and body language powerful communicators, but different cultures use gestures and body language in dramatically different ways. Chapter 2 discusses the most popular gestures found around the world, beginning with how we greet each other. Shaking hand is not the universal greeting. In fact, there are at least a half-dozen other social greetings - even different ways of shaking hands. This chapter also deals with farewells, beckoning, insulting, touching and other types of gestures. Chapter 3 gets into the special types of gestures such as, American Sign Language, Tai Chi, flirting & kissing. Chapter 4 is designed to help you learn or trace a particular gesture, using scores of drawings. Chapter 5 describes what the author calls the ultimate gesture, which is simply the "smile". It is rarely misunderstood, scientist believe this particular gesture releases chemicals in the brain called endorphins into the system that create a mild feeling of euphoria. It also may help you slip out of the prickliest or difficult situation's world wide. Chapter 6 is an important list of gestures to keep in mind. It is compiled of 20 gestures that can help you separate right from rude, and rude from crude. Chapter 7 is a listing of country-by-country common gestures and body languages. They group the countries by major geographic region. The organization of the book was a combination of narrative and topical.

Marketing Strategy Victoria Secret Essay

Victoria’s Secret was started in San Francisco, California, in 1977 by Roy Raymond who was Business alumnus of Tufts University and Stanford Graduate School. He felt embarrassed trying to purchase lingerie for his wife in a department store environment. He opened the first store at Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto, and quickly followed it with a mail-order catalog and three other stores. With this store he hoped that it could create a comfortable environment for men, with wood-paneled walls, Victorian details and helpful sales staff. Instead of racks of bras and panties in every size, there were single styles, paired together and mounted on the wall in frames. Men could browse for styles for women and sales staff would help estimate the appropriate size, pulling from inventory in the back rooms. In 1982, after five years of operation, Roy Raymond sold the Victoria’s Secret Company, with its six stores and 42-page catalogue, grossing $6 million per year, to Leslie Wexner, creator of The Limited, for $4 million. The Limited kept the personalized image of Victoria’s Secret intact. Victoria’s Secret was rapidly expanded into the U. S. malls throughout the 1980s. The company was able to vend a widened range of products, such as shoes, evening wear, and perfumes, with its mail catalog issued eight times annually. By the early 1990s, Victoria’s Secret had become the largest American lingerie retailer, topping one billion dollars. However, The Company gained notoriety in the early 1990s after it began to use  supermodels  in its advertising and fashion shows. Throughout the past decade, it has turned down celebrity models and endorsements. Current business At present, Victoria’s Secret is the fastest growing subsidiary of Limited Brands and contributes 42% of corporate profits. More than 1000 Victoria’s Secret retail stores are open in the United States. Products are also available through the catalogue and online business, Victoria’s Secret Direct, with sales of approximately $6000 million in 2010. Victoria’s Secret is known for its annual fashion show, the Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show, and for its catalogs, both of which feature top fashion models. II – Executive summary (NG? C) In 2012, Victoria Secret’s goals are to increase 10% in revenue and 13% in market share. To achieve those, the marketing plan will be divided into 4 quarters with a clear division of labor for each department. Every people in company from management to employees will perform each mission separately in order to helps achieve the best returns.

Indian view essays

Indian view essays The Indian writing titled, I Went to Kill the Deer, by the Taos Pueblo Indians introduced a very unique kind of perspective about the universe. For one, the writing offers the suggestion of personification. In other words, the writer gave things that arent alive human characteristics and traits. An example of this would be when he says, The heart of the mountain beats(Taos Pueblo). When he refers to the mountain as having a heart, it makes one think that the tribe views the mountain as being alive as a kind of symbol of their respect for nature. Secondly, the writing infers that animals communicate with one another. In the writing, the eagle tells the deer theres danger. A hunter writes, An eagle saw me coming and/ Flew down to the home of the deer/ And told him that a hunter came to kill(Taos Pueblo). This shows their understanding that creatures of the same kind need to stick together to protect each other. Otherwise, there would be no need for an animal which preys on the dead to warn another of being killed. Thirdly, the writing implies that there is always going to be different unknown territory of some kind for every species. The deer runs to a place in which it is safe from the man. As the hunter says, The deer went with the eagle/ Into the heart of the mountain/ Safe from me who did not hear/ The heart of the mountain beating(Taos Pueblo) He can not feel the heart beat because it is not his territory or his right to be there. So in a way, the Taos Pueblo Indians dont think of themselves any different or better than anything else because they have a respect for life and the universe. ...

Indoor And Outdoor Games Children And Young People Essay Essay Example

Indoor And Outdoor Games Children And Young People Essay Essay Example Indoor And Outdoor Games Children And Young People Essay Paper Indoor And Outdoor Games Children And Young People Essay Paper I have selected this subject because I have observed many kid s who are really fond of playing video games became aggressive and violent. They were used to play video games and so seek to use those techniques in existent life which they applied in games for illustration if a child had played racing game and did floating in it and acquire the compliment like Excellent, Nice e.t.c so he/she feels he/she was expert in it and he/she can make it in existent life excessively but when he make it in existent life it may do serious accident which may do his/her decease. While out-of-door games like cricket, football e.t.c. assist us to keep physical and mental wellness, create the spirit of assurance, subject and tolerance and we learn obeisance of regulation. These games promote peace and harmoniousness among people. Games and Human Behavior Games help us to keep physical and mental wellness, create the spirit of assurance, subject, tolerance and do us enthusiastic and some violent picture games can increase aggressive behaviour. In ancient times gymnastic exercises were the lone method of physical exercising. It was really dull and humdrum. Man wished to acquire mental pleasance during physical exercising so he invented many outdoor and indoor games with the transition of clip. The history of the athleticss and games likely extends every bit back as the being of people as purposive sportive and active existences. Sports have been utile manner to increase command of nature and environment for people. The history of athleticss can learn us about societal alterations and about the nature of athletics itself. Sports involves basic human accomplishments being and exercised for their utility. It besides help us to cognize how society has changed its beliefs and hence there are alterations in the regulations. In out-of-door games we have to obey all the regulations so we learn obeisance of regulations. We learn how to move with our comrade participants. In out-of-door games we learn sportsmanship and besides acquire the spirit of sportswoman so, we tolerate the triumph of the opposition party When we play out-of-door games we breathe in muss of fresh air and O which keeps us off from different sort of fatal diseaseaˆˆso it turn away one s head from all sort of tensenesss, jobs and concerns. Games are the of import beginning for the growing and development of head and organic structure. We acknowledge that sitting in forepart of video games, telecasting for hours and hours is non wellness good being out-of-doorss help our kids sleep more good. When they have played out-of-doorss we should non mind if our kids get soiled or foul due to playing out-of-doorss. We should promote them to play and prefer outdoor. The benefits of out-of-door drama can be found in both mentally and physically. We know the benefits, strength endurance and physiques coordination. Playing outside is a value able activity in many ways for babes, yearlings and kindergartners. It promotes their development. Babies, yearlings and kindergartners are centripetal nervus scholars. Besides all wellness benefits it stretches out kids cognition and thought. As grownups we know that we learn through making so we should admit that kids learn from gesture. Playing out-of-doorss cuts down emphasis in kids. Childr en express and work out emotional facets of every twenty-four hours experiences through unstructured drama. Children allowed to play freely with equals learn accomplishments for seeing things through another individual s position, collaborating, sharing, and work outing jobs. Outdoor games help us to command on different fatal diseases such as respiratory, bosom diseases and shot, high blood force per unit area, non insulin dependant, diabetes, fleshiness, back hurting osteoporosis and can better your temper, aid you to better manage emphasis, which besides keeps you off from different psychological issues. It keeps a individual off from smoking and other dependences which are bad for wellness. It deviates one s head from tensenesss, jobs and concerns. Outdoor games teach us different type of accomplishments which help us throughout our life and state us how to manage different type of state of affairs. It gives us assurance which adult male ever lacks and adult male ever need assurance in every state of affairs. It enhances our determination devising. It makes us crisp to pull strings the determination. We learn obeisance of regulations and Torahs, so it teaches us the subject. Tolerance is another factor which it gives us. When we are defeated by the opposite squad it teaches us the tolerance against the winning squad. It besides teaches us the sportsmanship passion and motive. When we are defeated it gives us passion and mark to win following clip. Peoples are so busy in their lives that do non cognize each other life in the same vicinity even they do non cognize their neighbours for old ages and old ages. So when people play together in squads so it gives us a better opportunity to cognize and to interact with each other. In a squad every participant has a different socio-culture background when participants meet each other they portion their moral values, beliefs and norms. Outdoor games bring integrity among people and supply a platform to interchange their civilization, tradition, imposts, positions, ideas and thoughts. Science has made a singular advancement in the field of engineering merely to supply comfort and to function humanity in a better manner. During the last few decennaries our society is confronting a serious job that our young person has involved excessively much in Bet oning at their places for hours and hours but it is really black for their wellness. As we know that Video games have been in being for last many decennaries and turning concerns about their negative influence are really high particularly harmonizing to study held in New York City that those Adolescents who play violent picture games over a figure of old ages become more aggressive and obstinate. Harmonizing to a recent research that violent picture games can alter the encephalon in merely one hebdomad and do participants more hostile and harsh. The most alarming state of affairs is that the offense rate is increasing phenomenally due to violent picture games we have most of the times what we have in those games for ca se bloodshed, monolithic violent deaths, bombardments, sex maltreatment and sexual contents. The biggest illustration of the game that stimulate greater force was the call of responsibility and Anders Breivik, the Norse who killed 77 people, claimed earlier this twelvemonth that he had played picture game Call of Duty to develop himself I have some recent illustrations which are adequate to turn out me right. A 13-year old male child jumped from the edifice s 24thA floor and committed self-destruction after playing War trade III for 36 hours directly. A adolescent went on a violent disorder and killed three work forces, two of them constabulary officers, after months of playing Grand Theft Auto A 17-year-old male killed his female parent and wounded his after they took Halo 3 off from him. A 15-year old ran off from place after his parents took his Xbox console off. His dead organic structure was found about a month after.1 Eric Harris and one of his freinds, Dylan Klebold killed 13 pupils at Columbine High School and so killed themselves on 20th of April 1999. Harmonizing to the statements of their female parents, both were large fans of the Doom, the first-person taw picture game. Is it excessively big of a spring in logic to infer that this violent picture game resulted the brace to execute this awful act of atrocity? 2 More than 130 researches have been carried on more than 130,000 participants around the universe ( Anderson et al. , 2010 ) . These studies prove that violent picture games increase aggressive thoughts, ferocious feelings, physiological stimulation, and aggressive behaviour. Violent games besides decrease helping behaviour and impressions of understanding for others.3 Child s who are really fond of playing video games became aggressive and violent. They were used to play video games and so seek to use those techniques in existent life which they applied in games for illustration if a child had played a racing game and did floating in it and acquire the compliment like Excellent, Nice e.t.c so he/she feels he/she was expert in it and he/she can make it in existent life excessively but when he make it in existent life it may do serious accident which may do his/her decease. It is said, Healthy organic structure creates a healthy head nevertheless, it is merely non possible for everyone to travel on making difficult work at surveies without a interruption. All clip difficult work and survey can ensue into great humdrum. Every pupil after a difficult work needs a alteration, some recreational activity etc and athleticss are the best for this intent. Outdoor games are every bit of import as surveies are. These games help a pupil to keep a good build and sound wellness. If a individual does non take portion in such sort of activities, this will non allow him/her to execute good in faculty members. Games and athleticss create a sense of leading, a sense of assurance in a pupil. At the terminal, out-of-door games are really of import in one s life. These games promote peace and harmoniousness among the people. A pupil must chiefly work hard on his surveies but he can non disregard games and athleticss. It is incorrect to state that playing games and athleticss is wastage of clip. Playing game is instead a originative use of clip but kids should non play violent games as by this he/she might became aggressive. Work CITED Measurements taken from New York times Published on 12 July, 2011 hypertext transfer protocol: //parrishco.com/academic/the-effect-of-violent-video-games-on-the-human-psyche/ Data retrieved on 25/12/2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ithp.org/articles/violentvideogames.html Data retrieved on 25/12/2012.

Drivers today are very dangerous Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drivers today are very dangerous - Essay Example Many of these games simulate the driving of some sort of vehicle. By the time some teenagers are eligible for their driving permits at age sixteen, they have had thousands of simulated crashes. This leads to a certain immaturity behind the wheel. These young drivers are especially dangerous because there is never a real negative consequence for recklessness in a video game. Actually, in most games, you are rewarded for dangerous driving. These young drivers are a hazard to us all. But not all dangerous drivers are young. Some dangerous drivers are as out of touch with reality as a sixteen-year-old cyber driver, but they cant blame their dangerous driving on immaturity. Theirs stems from a lack of self-control. Road rage is a situation where a driver becomes furious over another persons driving or road conditions in general. Perhaps traffic is at a standstill or they are in a long line of cars stuck behind a slow driver. Whatever the cause, drivers that exhibit road rage are a danger to us all. Shouting or swearing at other drivers shows their lack of self-control. A raging driver is a distraction to the person they are assailing. This can cause an unsafe situation. Even more dangerous is when a person engaging in road-rage decides to drive erratically or to even bump another vehicle. This level of anger creates a situation where serious damage can occur to another drivers car of the driver herself. As our lives get busier and roads get more crowded, road rage is increasing. More road rage means that drivers are more dangerous today that they have ever been before. Road rage impairs a drivers ability to react rationally to changing driving conditions. Other dangerous drivers are impaired b efore they even sit in the car. Drunk driving is the greatest cause of danger on our roads today. Drink drivers cannot physically operate their cars in a safe manner. Depending on how drunk the driver is, they may harm or

Biometrics in the Private Sector(472) Research Paper

Biometrics in the Private Sector(472) - Research Paper Example This system offers plenty of benefits if incorporated in hospital administration. Firstly, it helps ease the workload in busy check-in areas where patients are made to provide a lot of information. The beauty of this system is that a simple hand scanning provides the hospital authorities with all the previous medical history of the patient. The BayCare Hospital Group uses the Patient Security Identity System in its all hospitals to identify the patients. In the opinion of Greene (2008), this is much more accurate than using numbers and names to search for patient records. For example, names may have different spellings but this unique system avoids such chances of misidentification. In addition, in some cases of emergency where the patient is unconscious and unable to provide the health care providers enough information about their identity and medical history, this hand reading can offer the history of past medications and health conditions. Thirdly, this is a useful strategy in cut ting down the chances of fraud Greene, 2008). To illustrate, there are cases in which patients use the name and insurance of other people illegally. However, this system prevents them from escaping identification. However, one has to admit the fact that there are serious issues associated with the collection, storage, and use of biometric information. For example, according to Abernathy & Tien (2003), the information collected may be subjected to function creep, which means the data collected is used for purposes other than the ones consented at the time of collection. For example, it is possible to use the medical history of a person to deny future medical insurance coverage, identifying the possible future susceptibility to certain fatal illnesses. Secondly, there are Radio Frequency Identification chips which enable someone to read this information anonymously, even from a distance of 20 meters (Abernathy & Tien, 2003). The risk of

Domestication of Plants and Animals in Ethiopia Essay

Domestication of Plants and Animals in Ethiopia - Essay Example The area currently referred to as Ethiopia is believed to be among the earliest hosts of economically centered societies. The oldest evidence of hominids comes from this area, suggesting that the time was available to develop such systems. However, as history passed, people were amassing in Ethiopia in parallel to birthing civilizations elsewhere in the world. Consequently, the evolution of domesticating techniques does not have a clear starting point. In Ethiopia, and most other candidate areas for the "cradle of civilization", it is estimated that animals were domesticated first over a period that may range from near 10,000 BC to 3,000 BC. Plant cultivation of this form then became prominent in the period encompassing about 3,000 BC to 2,000 BC. Cattle were among the earliest domestic animals, due to their appeal as a source of meat. Goats provided milk, sheep gave wool, and stronger animals like donkeys and oxen provided transportation, as well as brute force. A wide variety of beasts would eventually be harnessed for human benefit, largely thanks to the presence of many local animal species (Milkias n.p.). The early use of animal labor and the subsequent emergence of domestication is theorized to have played a considerable role in the development of agricultural centers in Ethiopia and other early societies (such as those in the Fertile Crescent). Animals bred for the benefit of humans helped to produce the resource surpluses that drew most people to a limited number of areas, ultimately producing the framework of economies and civilization itself. If animals raised for humanity laid the foundation for social development, then plants, appropriately, allowed civilization to bloom. As early as the 30th century BC, plant domestication became an immediately dominant force in the propagation of Ethiopian communities. At least thirty-six different plant species became the first plants in the area to be grown under control for the traits that most benefit

Urban American Indian Youth Essay Example for Free

Urban American Indian Youth Essay Abstract This study focused on how a non-targeted group minority youth might or might not benefit from a prevention intervention focused on other cultural groups. The study specifically evaluated the effects of an evidence-based drug prevention curriculum with a sample of urban American Indian youth in the southwest U. S. , most of whom self-reported multi-ethnic heritages. This research examined the developmental trajectory of drug use for these youth, and compared it with the trajectory of youth from other racial/ethnic groups at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and two follow up time periods. Results indicated that alcohol and marijuana use increased from pre-intervention across subsequent time periods for all youth. The drug use of the American Indian youth in the treatment group increased on certain measures. They reported a steeper trajectory in the amount and frequency of alcohol and marijuana use compared to the youths in the treatment groups with other racial/ethnic identifications. Implications of these findings for the development of culturally grounded prevention programs for multi-ethnic, urban American Indian youth are discussed. Culturally specific, school-based drug prevention programs have been receiving increased attention in recent years. These programs are based on the premise that infusing youths culture into the content and format of the prevention message will reduce adolescent drug use (Kandel 1995). One such program, Keepin it R. E. A. L. , has achieved this by creating the curriculum from the developmental and cultural realities of Mexican American youth from the southwest United States (Gosin et al. 2003). To date, the program has been developed for and evaluated with primarily Mexican American youth (Kulis et al. 2005). Research has assessed the differences in program effectiveness by acculturation level among Mexican/Mexican Americans (Marsiglia et al. 2005) but has not closely examined the residual effects of this program among other minority youth populations (i. e. , the programs effects on non-targeted minority youth populations). In what ways might this program impact the drug use of minority youth who are not Mexican American? How might these effects compare with the treatment effects of the program for Mexican American and European American youth? Drug Prevention Programming for American Indian Youth There have been substantial efforts in recent years toward the development of drug prevention programs focused on American Indian youth. For example, Marlatt et al. (2003) described the development of the Journeys of the Circle Project, which is a culturally congruent life skills course targeted toward Northwestern American Indian youth. Similarly, Schinke et al. (2000) implemented and evaluated a culturally tailored life skills intervention with American Indian youth from 10 reservations in North and South Dakota, Idaho, Montana, and Oklahoma. Aside from the research conducted by Schinke and colleagues, however, the majority of prevention efforts with American Indian youth have not been rigorously evaluated for efficacy (Beauvais and Trimble 2003; Hawkins et al. 2004). Beauvais and Trimble stated that most of the prevention research with American Indian youth has focused largely on commentary and recommendations and not on the science of prevention (p. 397). However, while there are relatively few evaluation studies focused specifically on drug use and American Indian youth, there have been ongoing efforts related to culturally specific drug prevention programs for minority youth in general. Related to this research is the debate as to whether prevention programs need to be culturally grounded, that is, developed from the cultural values and variability inherent within each culture, or if they can be culturally adapted, that is, modified from universal prevention programs originally developed for non-Hispanic European American populations (Hecht et al.2003). Each of these approaches has implications toward the fidelity and fit of prevention interventions (Castro et al. 2004). Further, culturally focused prevention curricula range in ethnic specificity; some are highly specific (e. g. , Hecht et al. 2003) while others are more broadly targeted for minority youth (e. g. , Botvin et al. 1997). In sum, there is much left to learn about the degree of cultural specificity required for positive prevention effects with minority youth. The Keepin it R. E. A. L. Curriculum Keepin it R. E. A. L. is a culturally grounded, video-enhanced prevention intervention that was developed and normed from the narratives of Latino, African American, and Euro American youth (Gosin et al. 2003), and validated with teacher and student feedback (Gosin et al. 2003. ; Harthun et al. 2002). It has been identified as a Model Program by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA; U. S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS] n. d. ), which is a designation given by the organization to effective programs that have been evaluated using rigorous standards of research. The 10-lesson curriculum was designed for use with middle school students (6th, 7th, and 8th graders), and draws from a variety of theoretical frameworks, such as communication competence theory (Spitzberg and Cupach 1984) and ecological risk and resiliency theory (Bogenschneider 1996). The curriculum situates these frameworks within the unique geographic and cultural contexts of Latino, African American, and European American youth in the southwest United States. The primary focus of the program is on teaching drug resistance skills using four strategies: refuse, explain, avoid, and leave (Hecht et al.2003). Refuse consists of statements of saying no to substance use offers, while explain consists of more elaborate reasons for refusing these offers. Avoid refers to avoiding situations where drugs and alcohol might be present, and leave refers to leaving the environment once the youth encounters substance use (Hecht et al. 2003). The cultural specificity of the program components is based on prior research, which found ethnic differences in common communication styles, competencies, and norms (Hecht and Ribeau 1984; Hecht et al.1990) and drug use contexts (Gosin et al. 2003). Based on this research, three versions of the curriculum have been developed: 1) A Latino version, which primarily reflects Mexican American and Mexican values (e. g. , familismo, or family orientation), 2) A Non-Latino version, grounded primarily in European American and African American values, and 3) A Multicultural version, which combines half of the lessons from the Latino version and half of the lessons from the non-Latino version (Hecht et al.2003; Kulis et al. 2005). An example of an objective from the Latino version of the curriculum is for the student to recognize what he/she does affects his/her community, group, and family, while an objective from the Non-Latino version is for the student to recognize what he/she does may have favorable or unfavorable consequences on his/her own future goals (Gosin et al. 2003, p. 128). The in-class curriculum was supplemented with a media campaign, consisting of television, radio, and billboard advertisements that reinforced the four strategies (refuse, explain, avoid, and leave) and follow-up booster activities such as school assemblies, poster projects, murals, and essay contests (Kulis et al. 2005). Research evaluating the curriculum found that the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana increased over time for students who received any version of the intervention and students in the control group; however, the increase was significantly less for students in the intervention group (Hecht et al.2003). This effect was particularly salient for alcohol use (Gosin et al. 2003; Hecht et al. 2003). Further, the intervention students perceived significantly smaller increases in their peers substance use compared with those in the control group (DHHS n. d. ; Hecht et al. 2003). Past research suggests differential effects of each version of the program, with the Latino and Multicultural versions of the intervention providing more benefits to Mexican/Mexican American students (Gosin et al.2003; Kulis et al. 2005) and the overall sample (Hecht et al. 2003). However, while versions of the curriculum that incorporated aspects of culture (the Latino and Multicultural Versions) were found to impact a wider array of substance use and attitudinal outcomes in the desirable direction than did the Non-Latino version, tests of strict cultural matching of program content with the students racial/ethnic backgrounds did not produce statistically significant differences (Hecht et al.2003; Kulis et al. 2005). In other words, these studies did not find that Mexican/Mexican American students receiving the Latino version of the curriculum demonstrated better overall outcomes than those receiving other versions of the curriculum. This finding is significant, because it provides support for prevention programs that broadly target minority youth, rather than those that are ethnic-specific. Subsequently, the strength of culturally grounded prevention programs may lie in their ability to reflect regionally-specific multicultural environments, rather than specific ethnic groups. In order to examine this hypothesis, we chose to examine the programs efficacy with another predominant minority cultural group in the southwest U. S. To date, no studies of Keepin it R. E. A. L. have examined the residual effects of the program among youth who were not Latino, African American, or Euro American. Perhaps this programs strength lies in its ability to integrate multiculturalism into drug prevention, defined as the inclusion of cultural values from all groups participating in the prevention program (Green 1999), rather than its cultural specificity related to drug use prevention. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the curriculum on urban American Indian youth of the southwest in order to examine this hypothesis more closely. The study presented here involved a reanalysis of data that was previously reported (Gosin et al.2003; Hecht et al. 2003; Kulis, et al. 2005; Marsiglia et al. 2005). However, this study differs from previous studies because it tests the generalizability of the culturally enhanced versions of the curriculum with American Indian youth. This is accomplished through the use of growth curve modeling to examine the developmental trajectory of drug use among youth who participated in Keepin it R. E. A. L. While previous evaluations of the Keepin it R. E. A. L. curriculum support its efficacy with specific groups of racial/ethnic adolescents (Hecht et al. 2003; Kulis et al.2005; Marsiglia et al. 2005), the current study suggests that the program may have limited effectiveness in curbing the drug use of American Indian youth. Despite the current studys limitations, our findings have implications for the development of culturally grounded prevention programs in schools, reservation, and non-reservation communities for American Indian youth and for other minority youth populations. Our findings suggest that American Indian youth may require drug prevention curricula that are specific to their developmental and cultural realities. In order to effectively address drug use among American Indian youth, prevention researchers and specialists may need to focus on creating and/or modifying drug prevention programs in order to address the daily traditions, cultures, and values of American Indian youth. References 1. Beauvais, F. , Trimble, J. E. (Beauvais, F. , Trimble, J. E. (2003). The effectiveness of alcohol and drug abuse prevention among American-Indian youth. In Z. Sloboda W. J. Bukoski (Eds. ), Handbook of drug abuse prevention: Theory, science, and practice (pp. 393-410). New York: Kluwer. 2. Botvin, G. J. , Epstein, J. A. , Baker, E., Diaz, T. , Ifill-Williams, M. (1997). School-based drug abuse prevention with inner-city minority youth. Journal of Child Adolescent Substance Abuse, 6, 5-19. 3. Castro, F. G. , Barrera, M. , Martinez, C. R. (2004). The cultural adaptation of prevention interventions: Resolving tensions between fidelity and fit. Prevention Science, 5, 41-45. 4. Hecht, M. L. , Marsiglia, F. F. , Elek, E. , Wagstaff, D. A. , Kulis, S. , Dustman, P. , Miller-Day, M. (2003). Culturally grounded substance use prevention: An evaluation of the keepin it R. E. A. L. curriculum. Prevention Science, 4, 233-248. 5. Kandel, D. B. (1995). Ethnic differences in drug use: Patterns, paradoxes. In G. J. Botvin, S. Schinke, M. A. Orlandi (Eds. ), Drug abuse prevention with multiethnic youth (pp. 81-104). Thousand Oaks: Sage. 6. Gosin, M. , Marsiglia, F. F. , Hecht, M. L. (2003). keepinit R. E. A. L. : A drug resistance curriculum tailored to the strengths and needs of pre-adolescents of the southwest. Journal of Drug Education, 33, 119-142. 7. Kulis, S. , Marsiglia, F. F. , Elek, E. , Dustman, P. , Wagstaff, D. A. , Hecht, M. L. (2005). Mexican/Mexican American adolescents and keepin in R. E. A. L. : An evidence-based, substance use prevention program. Children and Schools, 27, 133-145. 8. Marlatt, G. A. , Larimer, M. E. , Mail, P. D. , Hawkins, E. H. , Cummins, L. H. , Blume, A. W. , et al. (2003). Journeys of the circle: A culturally congruent life skills intervention for adolescent Indian drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 1-3. 9. Schinke, S. P. , Orlandi, M. A. , Botvin, G. J. , Gilchrist, L. D. , Trimble, J. E. , Locklear, V. S. (1988). Preventing substance abuse among American Indian adolescents: A bicultural competence skills approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 87-90. 1. 1. Beauvais, F. , Trimble, J. E.