Marketing Strategy Victoria Secret Essay

Victoria’s Secret was started in San Francisco, California, in 1977 by Roy Raymond who was Business alumnus of Tufts University and Stanford Graduate School. He felt embarrassed trying to purchase lingerie for his wife in a department store environment. He opened the first store at Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto, and quickly followed it with a mail-order catalog and three other stores. With this store he hoped that it could create a comfortable environment for men, with wood-paneled walls, Victorian details and helpful sales staff. Instead of racks of bras and panties in every size, there were single styles, paired together and mounted on the wall in frames. Men could browse for styles for women and sales staff would help estimate the appropriate size, pulling from inventory in the back rooms. In 1982, after five years of operation, Roy Raymond sold the Victoria’s Secret Company, with its six stores and 42-page catalogue, grossing $6 million per year, to Leslie Wexner, creator of The Limited, for $4 million. The Limited kept the personalized image of Victoria’s Secret intact. Victoria’s Secret was rapidly expanded into the U. S. malls throughout the 1980s. The company was able to vend a widened range of products, such as shoes, evening wear, and perfumes, with its mail catalog issued eight times annually. By the early 1990s, Victoria’s Secret had become the largest American lingerie retailer, topping one billion dollars. However, The Company gained notoriety in the early 1990s after it began to use  supermodels  in its advertising and fashion shows. Throughout the past decade, it has turned down celebrity models and endorsements. Current business At present, Victoria’s Secret is the fastest growing subsidiary of Limited Brands and contributes 42% of corporate profits. More than 1000 Victoria’s Secret retail stores are open in the United States. Products are also available through the catalogue and online business, Victoria’s Secret Direct, with sales of approximately $6000 million in 2010. Victoria’s Secret is known for its annual fashion show, the Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show, and for its catalogs, both of which feature top fashion models. II – Executive summary (NG? C) In 2012, Victoria Secret’s goals are to increase 10% in revenue and 13% in market share. To achieve those, the marketing plan will be divided into 4 quarters with a clear division of labor for each department. Every people in company from management to employees will perform each mission separately in order to helps achieve the best returns.

Indian view essays

Indian view essays The Indian writing titled, I Went to Kill the Deer, by the Taos Pueblo Indians introduced a very unique kind of perspective about the universe. For one, the writing offers the suggestion of personification. In other words, the writer gave things that arent alive human characteristics and traits. An example of this would be when he says, The heart of the mountain beats(Taos Pueblo). When he refers to the mountain as having a heart, it makes one think that the tribe views the mountain as being alive as a kind of symbol of their respect for nature. Secondly, the writing infers that animals communicate with one another. In the writing, the eagle tells the deer theres danger. A hunter writes, An eagle saw me coming and/ Flew down to the home of the deer/ And told him that a hunter came to kill(Taos Pueblo). This shows their understanding that creatures of the same kind need to stick together to protect each other. Otherwise, there would be no need for an animal which preys on the dead to warn another of being killed. Thirdly, the writing implies that there is always going to be different unknown territory of some kind for every species. The deer runs to a place in which it is safe from the man. As the hunter says, The deer went with the eagle/ Into the heart of the mountain/ Safe from me who did not hear/ The heart of the mountain beating(Taos Pueblo) He can not feel the heart beat because it is not his territory or his right to be there. So in a way, the Taos Pueblo Indians dont think of themselves any different or better than anything else because they have a respect for life and the universe. ...

Indoor And Outdoor Games Children And Young People Essay Essay Example

Indoor And Outdoor Games Children And Young People Essay Essay Example Indoor And Outdoor Games Children And Young People Essay Paper Indoor And Outdoor Games Children And Young People Essay Paper I have selected this subject because I have observed many kid s who are really fond of playing video games became aggressive and violent. They were used to play video games and so seek to use those techniques in existent life which they applied in games for illustration if a child had played racing game and did floating in it and acquire the compliment like Excellent, Nice e.t.c so he/she feels he/she was expert in it and he/she can make it in existent life excessively but when he make it in existent life it may do serious accident which may do his/her decease. While out-of-door games like cricket, football e.t.c. assist us to keep physical and mental wellness, create the spirit of assurance, subject and tolerance and we learn obeisance of regulation. These games promote peace and harmoniousness among people. Games and Human Behavior Games help us to keep physical and mental wellness, create the spirit of assurance, subject, tolerance and do us enthusiastic and some violent picture games can increase aggressive behaviour. In ancient times gymnastic exercises were the lone method of physical exercising. It was really dull and humdrum. Man wished to acquire mental pleasance during physical exercising so he invented many outdoor and indoor games with the transition of clip. The history of the athleticss and games likely extends every bit back as the being of people as purposive sportive and active existences. Sports have been utile manner to increase command of nature and environment for people. The history of athleticss can learn us about societal alterations and about the nature of athletics itself. Sports involves basic human accomplishments being and exercised for their utility. It besides help us to cognize how society has changed its beliefs and hence there are alterations in the regulations. In out-of-door games we have to obey all the regulations so we learn obeisance of regulations. We learn how to move with our comrade participants. In out-of-door games we learn sportsmanship and besides acquire the spirit of sportswoman so, we tolerate the triumph of the opposition party When we play out-of-door games we breathe in muss of fresh air and O which keeps us off from different sort of fatal diseaseaˆˆso it turn away one s head from all sort of tensenesss, jobs and concerns. Games are the of import beginning for the growing and development of head and organic structure. We acknowledge that sitting in forepart of video games, telecasting for hours and hours is non wellness good being out-of-doorss help our kids sleep more good. When they have played out-of-doorss we should non mind if our kids get soiled or foul due to playing out-of-doorss. We should promote them to play and prefer outdoor. The benefits of out-of-door drama can be found in both mentally and physically. We know the benefits, strength endurance and physiques coordination. Playing outside is a value able activity in many ways for babes, yearlings and kindergartners. It promotes their development. Babies, yearlings and kindergartners are centripetal nervus scholars. Besides all wellness benefits it stretches out kids cognition and thought. As grownups we know that we learn through making so we should admit that kids learn from gesture. Playing out-of-doorss cuts down emphasis in kids. Childr en express and work out emotional facets of every twenty-four hours experiences through unstructured drama. Children allowed to play freely with equals learn accomplishments for seeing things through another individual s position, collaborating, sharing, and work outing jobs. Outdoor games help us to command on different fatal diseases such as respiratory, bosom diseases and shot, high blood force per unit area, non insulin dependant, diabetes, fleshiness, back hurting osteoporosis and can better your temper, aid you to better manage emphasis, which besides keeps you off from different psychological issues. It keeps a individual off from smoking and other dependences which are bad for wellness. It deviates one s head from tensenesss, jobs and concerns. Outdoor games teach us different type of accomplishments which help us throughout our life and state us how to manage different type of state of affairs. It gives us assurance which adult male ever lacks and adult male ever need assurance in every state of affairs. It enhances our determination devising. It makes us crisp to pull strings the determination. We learn obeisance of regulations and Torahs, so it teaches us the subject. Tolerance is another factor which it gives us. When we are defeated by the opposite squad it teaches us the tolerance against the winning squad. It besides teaches us the sportsmanship passion and motive. When we are defeated it gives us passion and mark to win following clip. Peoples are so busy in their lives that do non cognize each other life in the same vicinity even they do non cognize their neighbours for old ages and old ages. So when people play together in squads so it gives us a better opportunity to cognize and to interact with each other. In a squad every participant has a different socio-culture background when participants meet each other they portion their moral values, beliefs and norms. Outdoor games bring integrity among people and supply a platform to interchange their civilization, tradition, imposts, positions, ideas and thoughts. Science has made a singular advancement in the field of engineering merely to supply comfort and to function humanity in a better manner. During the last few decennaries our society is confronting a serious job that our young person has involved excessively much in Bet oning at their places for hours and hours but it is really black for their wellness. As we know that Video games have been in being for last many decennaries and turning concerns about their negative influence are really high particularly harmonizing to study held in New York City that those Adolescents who play violent picture games over a figure of old ages become more aggressive and obstinate. Harmonizing to a recent research that violent picture games can alter the encephalon in merely one hebdomad and do participants more hostile and harsh. The most alarming state of affairs is that the offense rate is increasing phenomenally due to violent picture games we have most of the times what we have in those games for ca se bloodshed, monolithic violent deaths, bombardments, sex maltreatment and sexual contents. The biggest illustration of the game that stimulate greater force was the call of responsibility and Anders Breivik, the Norse who killed 77 people, claimed earlier this twelvemonth that he had played picture game Call of Duty to develop himself I have some recent illustrations which are adequate to turn out me right. A 13-year old male child jumped from the edifice s 24thA floor and committed self-destruction after playing War trade III for 36 hours directly. A adolescent went on a violent disorder and killed three work forces, two of them constabulary officers, after months of playing Grand Theft Auto A 17-year-old male killed his female parent and wounded his after they took Halo 3 off from him. A 15-year old ran off from place after his parents took his Xbox console off. His dead organic structure was found about a month after.1 Eric Harris and one of his freinds, Dylan Klebold killed 13 pupils at Columbine High School and so killed themselves on 20th of April 1999. Harmonizing to the statements of their female parents, both were large fans of the Doom, the first-person taw picture game. Is it excessively big of a spring in logic to infer that this violent picture game resulted the brace to execute this awful act of atrocity? 2 More than 130 researches have been carried on more than 130,000 participants around the universe ( Anderson et al. , 2010 ) . These studies prove that violent picture games increase aggressive thoughts, ferocious feelings, physiological stimulation, and aggressive behaviour. Violent games besides decrease helping behaviour and impressions of understanding for others.3 Child s who are really fond of playing video games became aggressive and violent. They were used to play video games and so seek to use those techniques in existent life which they applied in games for illustration if a child had played a racing game and did floating in it and acquire the compliment like Excellent, Nice e.t.c so he/she feels he/she was expert in it and he/she can make it in existent life excessively but when he make it in existent life it may do serious accident which may do his/her decease. It is said, Healthy organic structure creates a healthy head nevertheless, it is merely non possible for everyone to travel on making difficult work at surveies without a interruption. All clip difficult work and survey can ensue into great humdrum. Every pupil after a difficult work needs a alteration, some recreational activity etc and athleticss are the best for this intent. Outdoor games are every bit of import as surveies are. These games help a pupil to keep a good build and sound wellness. If a individual does non take portion in such sort of activities, this will non allow him/her to execute good in faculty members. Games and athleticss create a sense of leading, a sense of assurance in a pupil. At the terminal, out-of-door games are really of import in one s life. These games promote peace and harmoniousness among the people. A pupil must chiefly work hard on his surveies but he can non disregard games and athleticss. It is incorrect to state that playing games and athleticss is wastage of clip. Playing game is instead a originative use of clip but kids should non play violent games as by this he/she might became aggressive. Work CITED Measurements taken from New York times Published on 12 July, 2011 hypertext transfer protocol: //parrishco.com/academic/the-effect-of-violent-video-games-on-the-human-psyche/ Data retrieved on 25/12/2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ithp.org/articles/violentvideogames.html Data retrieved on 25/12/2012.

Drivers today are very dangerous Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drivers today are very dangerous - Essay Example Many of these games simulate the driving of some sort of vehicle. By the time some teenagers are eligible for their driving permits at age sixteen, they have had thousands of simulated crashes. This leads to a certain immaturity behind the wheel. These young drivers are especially dangerous because there is never a real negative consequence for recklessness in a video game. Actually, in most games, you are rewarded for dangerous driving. These young drivers are a hazard to us all. But not all dangerous drivers are young. Some dangerous drivers are as out of touch with reality as a sixteen-year-old cyber driver, but they cant blame their dangerous driving on immaturity. Theirs stems from a lack of self-control. Road rage is a situation where a driver becomes furious over another persons driving or road conditions in general. Perhaps traffic is at a standstill or they are in a long line of cars stuck behind a slow driver. Whatever the cause, drivers that exhibit road rage are a danger to us all. Shouting or swearing at other drivers shows their lack of self-control. A raging driver is a distraction to the person they are assailing. This can cause an unsafe situation. Even more dangerous is when a person engaging in road-rage decides to drive erratically or to even bump another vehicle. This level of anger creates a situation where serious damage can occur to another drivers car of the driver herself. As our lives get busier and roads get more crowded, road rage is increasing. More road rage means that drivers are more dangerous today that they have ever been before. Road rage impairs a drivers ability to react rationally to changing driving conditions. Other dangerous drivers are impaired b efore they even sit in the car. Drunk driving is the greatest cause of danger on our roads today. Drink drivers cannot physically operate their cars in a safe manner. Depending on how drunk the driver is, they may harm or

Biometrics in the Private Sector(472) Research Paper

Biometrics in the Private Sector(472) - Research Paper Example This system offers plenty of benefits if incorporated in hospital administration. Firstly, it helps ease the workload in busy check-in areas where patients are made to provide a lot of information. The beauty of this system is that a simple hand scanning provides the hospital authorities with all the previous medical history of the patient. The BayCare Hospital Group uses the Patient Security Identity System in its all hospitals to identify the patients. In the opinion of Greene (2008), this is much more accurate than using numbers and names to search for patient records. For example, names may have different spellings but this unique system avoids such chances of misidentification. In addition, in some cases of emergency where the patient is unconscious and unable to provide the health care providers enough information about their identity and medical history, this hand reading can offer the history of past medications and health conditions. Thirdly, this is a useful strategy in cut ting down the chances of fraud Greene, 2008). To illustrate, there are cases in which patients use the name and insurance of other people illegally. However, this system prevents them from escaping identification. However, one has to admit the fact that there are serious issues associated with the collection, storage, and use of biometric information. For example, according to Abernathy & Tien (2003), the information collected may be subjected to function creep, which means the data collected is used for purposes other than the ones consented at the time of collection. For example, it is possible to use the medical history of a person to deny future medical insurance coverage, identifying the possible future susceptibility to certain fatal illnesses. Secondly, there are Radio Frequency Identification chips which enable someone to read this information anonymously, even from a distance of 20 meters (Abernathy & Tien, 2003). The risk of

Domestication of Plants and Animals in Ethiopia Essay

Domestication of Plants and Animals in Ethiopia - Essay Example The area currently referred to as Ethiopia is believed to be among the earliest hosts of economically centered societies. The oldest evidence of hominids comes from this area, suggesting that the time was available to develop such systems. However, as history passed, people were amassing in Ethiopia in parallel to birthing civilizations elsewhere in the world. Consequently, the evolution of domesticating techniques does not have a clear starting point. In Ethiopia, and most other candidate areas for the "cradle of civilization", it is estimated that animals were domesticated first over a period that may range from near 10,000 BC to 3,000 BC. Plant cultivation of this form then became prominent in the period encompassing about 3,000 BC to 2,000 BC. Cattle were among the earliest domestic animals, due to their appeal as a source of meat. Goats provided milk, sheep gave wool, and stronger animals like donkeys and oxen provided transportation, as well as brute force. A wide variety of beasts would eventually be harnessed for human benefit, largely thanks to the presence of many local animal species (Milkias n.p.). The early use of animal labor and the subsequent emergence of domestication is theorized to have played a considerable role in the development of agricultural centers in Ethiopia and other early societies (such as those in the Fertile Crescent). Animals bred for the benefit of humans helped to produce the resource surpluses that drew most people to a limited number of areas, ultimately producing the framework of economies and civilization itself. If animals raised for humanity laid the foundation for social development, then plants, appropriately, allowed civilization to bloom. As early as the 30th century BC, plant domestication became an immediately dominant force in the propagation of Ethiopian communities. At least thirty-six different plant species became the first plants in the area to be grown under control for the traits that most benefit

Urban American Indian Youth Essay Example for Free

Urban American Indian Youth Essay Abstract This study focused on how a non-targeted group minority youth might or might not benefit from a prevention intervention focused on other cultural groups. The study specifically evaluated the effects of an evidence-based drug prevention curriculum with a sample of urban American Indian youth in the southwest U. S. , most of whom self-reported multi-ethnic heritages. This research examined the developmental trajectory of drug use for these youth, and compared it with the trajectory of youth from other racial/ethnic groups at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and two follow up time periods. Results indicated that alcohol and marijuana use increased from pre-intervention across subsequent time periods for all youth. The drug use of the American Indian youth in the treatment group increased on certain measures. They reported a steeper trajectory in the amount and frequency of alcohol and marijuana use compared to the youths in the treatment groups with other racial/ethnic identifications. Implications of these findings for the development of culturally grounded prevention programs for multi-ethnic, urban American Indian youth are discussed. Culturally specific, school-based drug prevention programs have been receiving increased attention in recent years. These programs are based on the premise that infusing youths culture into the content and format of the prevention message will reduce adolescent drug use (Kandel 1995). One such program, Keepin it R. E. A. L. , has achieved this by creating the curriculum from the developmental and cultural realities of Mexican American youth from the southwest United States (Gosin et al. 2003). To date, the program has been developed for and evaluated with primarily Mexican American youth (Kulis et al. 2005). Research has assessed the differences in program effectiveness by acculturation level among Mexican/Mexican Americans (Marsiglia et al. 2005) but has not closely examined the residual effects of this program among other minority youth populations (i. e. , the programs effects on non-targeted minority youth populations). In what ways might this program impact the drug use of minority youth who are not Mexican American? How might these effects compare with the treatment effects of the program for Mexican American and European American youth? Drug Prevention Programming for American Indian Youth There have been substantial efforts in recent years toward the development of drug prevention programs focused on American Indian youth. For example, Marlatt et al. (2003) described the development of the Journeys of the Circle Project, which is a culturally congruent life skills course targeted toward Northwestern American Indian youth. Similarly, Schinke et al. (2000) implemented and evaluated a culturally tailored life skills intervention with American Indian youth from 10 reservations in North and South Dakota, Idaho, Montana, and Oklahoma. Aside from the research conducted by Schinke and colleagues, however, the majority of prevention efforts with American Indian youth have not been rigorously evaluated for efficacy (Beauvais and Trimble 2003; Hawkins et al. 2004). Beauvais and Trimble stated that most of the prevention research with American Indian youth has focused largely on commentary and recommendations and not on the science of prevention (p. 397). However, while there are relatively few evaluation studies focused specifically on drug use and American Indian youth, there have been ongoing efforts related to culturally specific drug prevention programs for minority youth in general. Related to this research is the debate as to whether prevention programs need to be culturally grounded, that is, developed from the cultural values and variability inherent within each culture, or if they can be culturally adapted, that is, modified from universal prevention programs originally developed for non-Hispanic European American populations (Hecht et al.2003). Each of these approaches has implications toward the fidelity and fit of prevention interventions (Castro et al. 2004). Further, culturally focused prevention curricula range in ethnic specificity; some are highly specific (e. g. , Hecht et al. 2003) while others are more broadly targeted for minority youth (e. g. , Botvin et al. 1997). In sum, there is much left to learn about the degree of cultural specificity required for positive prevention effects with minority youth. The Keepin it R. E. A. L. Curriculum Keepin it R. E. A. L. is a culturally grounded, video-enhanced prevention intervention that was developed and normed from the narratives of Latino, African American, and Euro American youth (Gosin et al. 2003), and validated with teacher and student feedback (Gosin et al. 2003. ; Harthun et al. 2002). It has been identified as a Model Program by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA; U. S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS] n. d. ), which is a designation given by the organization to effective programs that have been evaluated using rigorous standards of research. The 10-lesson curriculum was designed for use with middle school students (6th, 7th, and 8th graders), and draws from a variety of theoretical frameworks, such as communication competence theory (Spitzberg and Cupach 1984) and ecological risk and resiliency theory (Bogenschneider 1996). The curriculum situates these frameworks within the unique geographic and cultural contexts of Latino, African American, and European American youth in the southwest United States. The primary focus of the program is on teaching drug resistance skills using four strategies: refuse, explain, avoid, and leave (Hecht et al.2003). Refuse consists of statements of saying no to substance use offers, while explain consists of more elaborate reasons for refusing these offers. Avoid refers to avoiding situations where drugs and alcohol might be present, and leave refers to leaving the environment once the youth encounters substance use (Hecht et al. 2003). The cultural specificity of the program components is based on prior research, which found ethnic differences in common communication styles, competencies, and norms (Hecht and Ribeau 1984; Hecht et al.1990) and drug use contexts (Gosin et al. 2003). Based on this research, three versions of the curriculum have been developed: 1) A Latino version, which primarily reflects Mexican American and Mexican values (e. g. , familismo, or family orientation), 2) A Non-Latino version, grounded primarily in European American and African American values, and 3) A Multicultural version, which combines half of the lessons from the Latino version and half of the lessons from the non-Latino version (Hecht et al.2003; Kulis et al. 2005). An example of an objective from the Latino version of the curriculum is for the student to recognize what he/she does affects his/her community, group, and family, while an objective from the Non-Latino version is for the student to recognize what he/she does may have favorable or unfavorable consequences on his/her own future goals (Gosin et al. 2003, p. 128). The in-class curriculum was supplemented with a media campaign, consisting of television, radio, and billboard advertisements that reinforced the four strategies (refuse, explain, avoid, and leave) and follow-up booster activities such as school assemblies, poster projects, murals, and essay contests (Kulis et al. 2005). Research evaluating the curriculum found that the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana increased over time for students who received any version of the intervention and students in the control group; however, the increase was significantly less for students in the intervention group (Hecht et al.2003). This effect was particularly salient for alcohol use (Gosin et al. 2003; Hecht et al. 2003). Further, the intervention students perceived significantly smaller increases in their peers substance use compared with those in the control group (DHHS n. d. ; Hecht et al. 2003). Past research suggests differential effects of each version of the program, with the Latino and Multicultural versions of the intervention providing more benefits to Mexican/Mexican American students (Gosin et al.2003; Kulis et al. 2005) and the overall sample (Hecht et al. 2003). However, while versions of the curriculum that incorporated aspects of culture (the Latino and Multicultural Versions) were found to impact a wider array of substance use and attitudinal outcomes in the desirable direction than did the Non-Latino version, tests of strict cultural matching of program content with the students racial/ethnic backgrounds did not produce statistically significant differences (Hecht et al.2003; Kulis et al. 2005). In other words, these studies did not find that Mexican/Mexican American students receiving the Latino version of the curriculum demonstrated better overall outcomes than those receiving other versions of the curriculum. This finding is significant, because it provides support for prevention programs that broadly target minority youth, rather than those that are ethnic-specific. Subsequently, the strength of culturally grounded prevention programs may lie in their ability to reflect regionally-specific multicultural environments, rather than specific ethnic groups. In order to examine this hypothesis, we chose to examine the programs efficacy with another predominant minority cultural group in the southwest U. S. To date, no studies of Keepin it R. E. A. L. have examined the residual effects of the program among youth who were not Latino, African American, or Euro American. Perhaps this programs strength lies in its ability to integrate multiculturalism into drug prevention, defined as the inclusion of cultural values from all groups participating in the prevention program (Green 1999), rather than its cultural specificity related to drug use prevention. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the curriculum on urban American Indian youth of the southwest in order to examine this hypothesis more closely. The study presented here involved a reanalysis of data that was previously reported (Gosin et al.2003; Hecht et al. 2003; Kulis, et al. 2005; Marsiglia et al. 2005). However, this study differs from previous studies because it tests the generalizability of the culturally enhanced versions of the curriculum with American Indian youth. This is accomplished through the use of growth curve modeling to examine the developmental trajectory of drug use among youth who participated in Keepin it R. E. A. L. While previous evaluations of the Keepin it R. E. A. L. curriculum support its efficacy with specific groups of racial/ethnic adolescents (Hecht et al. 2003; Kulis et al.2005; Marsiglia et al. 2005), the current study suggests that the program may have limited effectiveness in curbing the drug use of American Indian youth. Despite the current studys limitations, our findings have implications for the development of culturally grounded prevention programs in schools, reservation, and non-reservation communities for American Indian youth and for other minority youth populations. Our findings suggest that American Indian youth may require drug prevention curricula that are specific to their developmental and cultural realities. In order to effectively address drug use among American Indian youth, prevention researchers and specialists may need to focus on creating and/or modifying drug prevention programs in order to address the daily traditions, cultures, and values of American Indian youth. References 1. Beauvais, F. , Trimble, J. E. (Beauvais, F. , Trimble, J. E. (2003). The effectiveness of alcohol and drug abuse prevention among American-Indian youth. In Z. Sloboda W. J. Bukoski (Eds. ), Handbook of drug abuse prevention: Theory, science, and practice (pp. 393-410). New York: Kluwer. 2. Botvin, G. J. , Epstein, J. A. , Baker, E., Diaz, T. , Ifill-Williams, M. (1997). School-based drug abuse prevention with inner-city minority youth. Journal of Child Adolescent Substance Abuse, 6, 5-19. 3. Castro, F. G. , Barrera, M. , Martinez, C. R. (2004). The cultural adaptation of prevention interventions: Resolving tensions between fidelity and fit. Prevention Science, 5, 41-45. 4. Hecht, M. L. , Marsiglia, F. F. , Elek, E. , Wagstaff, D. A. , Kulis, S. , Dustman, P. , Miller-Day, M. (2003). Culturally grounded substance use prevention: An evaluation of the keepin it R. E. A. L. curriculum. Prevention Science, 4, 233-248. 5. Kandel, D. B. (1995). Ethnic differences in drug use: Patterns, paradoxes. In G. J. Botvin, S. Schinke, M. A. Orlandi (Eds. ), Drug abuse prevention with multiethnic youth (pp. 81-104). Thousand Oaks: Sage. 6. Gosin, M. , Marsiglia, F. F. , Hecht, M. L. (2003). keepinit R. E. A. L. : A drug resistance curriculum tailored to the strengths and needs of pre-adolescents of the southwest. Journal of Drug Education, 33, 119-142. 7. Kulis, S. , Marsiglia, F. F. , Elek, E. , Dustman, P. , Wagstaff, D. A. , Hecht, M. L. (2005). Mexican/Mexican American adolescents and keepin in R. E. A. L. : An evidence-based, substance use prevention program. Children and Schools, 27, 133-145. 8. Marlatt, G. A. , Larimer, M. E. , Mail, P. D. , Hawkins, E. H. , Cummins, L. H. , Blume, A. W. , et al. (2003). Journeys of the circle: A culturally congruent life skills intervention for adolescent Indian drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 1-3. 9. Schinke, S. P. , Orlandi, M. A. , Botvin, G. J. , Gilchrist, L. D. , Trimble, J. E. , Locklear, V. S. (1988). Preventing substance abuse among American Indian adolescents: A bicultural competence skills approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 87-90. 1. 1. Beauvais, F. , Trimble, J. E.